| bring about | /—/ | phr. v. 导致；带来（变化） | bring about change/reform 带来变革；例句：The internet has brought about sweeping changes in retail. 互联网给零售业带来了翻天覆地的变化。 | 可分离式三词短语：bring it about（代词放中间）；与 lead to / result in 同义，阅读正确项常互换 |
| give rise to | /—/ | phr. v. 引起；招致 | give rise to suspicion 引起怀疑；例句：Ambiguous rules give rise to endless disputes. 模糊的规则招致无休止的争端。 | rise 此处为名词、to 是介词；多接负面结果，与 bring about 方向同、感情色不同 |
| set off | /—/ | phr. v. 引发；触发；出发 | set off a chain reaction 引发连锁反应；set off for home 动身回家；例句：The verdict set off nationwide protests. 判决引发全国抗议。 | "出发"为本义、"引爆"为引申；与 trigger、spark 同义替换 |
| call for | /—/ | phr. v. 需要；要求；呼吁 | the situation calls for urgent action 局势需要紧急行动；例句：The crisis calls for coordinated policy responses. 危机需要政策协同应对。 | "需要"义主语常为形势，"呼吁"义主语为人或机构；与 demand 近义 |
| look into | /—/ | phr. v. 调查；研究 | look into the cause of the accident 调查事故原因；例句：Regulators are looking into the data breach. 监管机构正在调查这起数据泄露。 | into 表"深入"；同义 investigate / probe；"照镜子"（look into a mirror）为本义 |
| go through | /—/ | phr. v. 经历；仔细检查；（法案）通过 | go through a recession 经历衰退；go through the contract 逐条过合同；例句：The bill went through Parliament last week. 该法案上周在议会获得通过。 | 三义全收：经历（苦难）/ 检查（文件）/ 通过（程序）；完形爱考第三义 |
| figure out | /—/ | phr. v. 弄明白；算出 | figure out what went wrong 弄清问题所在；例句：It took engineers days to figure out the root cause. 工程师花了几天才找到根因。 | figure（数字）→ "算出来"；与 work out 近义，但 work out 另有"锻炼"义 |
| rule out | /—/ | phr. v. 排除（可能性）；把……排除在外 | rule out the possibility of... 排除……的可能；例句：The lab ruled out contamination. 实验室排除了污染的可能。 | rule（裁决）+ out：裁决出局；医学与调查报道高频 |
| point out | /—/ | phr. v. 指出 | point out a flaw 指出缺陷；as the report points out 正如报告所指出的；例句：Critics point out that the sample was tiny. 批评者指出样本量太小。 | 写作引用他人观点的万能短语；point out that 后接从句 |
| sort out | /—/ | phr. v. 理清；解决；分拣 | sort out the mess 理清乱局；例句：Managers spent weeks sorting out the billing backlog. 经理们花数周理清积压的账单。 | sort（种类）→ 把乱的东西按类归置；英式语境极高频 |
| map out | /—/ | phr. v. 规划；部署 | map out a strategy 制定战略；例句：The team mapped out the migration plan in detail. 团队详细规划了迁移方案。 | 拿着地图排路线的意象；与 lay out（呈现；规划）近义 |
| narrow down | /—/ | phr. v. 缩小（范围） | narrow down the choices 缩小选择范围；例句：Screening narrowed the suspects down to three. 排查把嫌疑人范围缩小到三人。 | narrow（窄）作动词；narrow A down to B 把 A 缩小到 B |
| pin down | /—/ | phr. v. 确定；迫使明确表态 | pin down the exact date 敲定确切日期；例句：The report is hard to pin down on numbers. 该报告的数字很难敲定。 | pin（大头针）：把飘忽不定的东西钉死在板上 |
| put up with | /—/ | phr. v. 忍受；容忍 | put up with noisy neighbors 忍受吵闹的邻居；例句：She refused to put up with unsafe working conditions. 她拒绝容忍不安全的工作环境。 | 三词短语整体记，介词 with 不可换；与 put up（搭建；张贴）拆开猜不出 |
| turn down | /—/ | phr. v. 拒绝；调低 | turn down the offer 拒绝录用通知；turn down the volume 调低音量；例句：He turned down a raise to stay in research. 他为留在研究岗位放弃了加薪。 | "调低"为物理本义，"拒绝"是高频引申；反义 turn up（调高；露面） |
| back down | /—/ | phr. v. （在争论中）让步；退缩 | back down from one's demands 放弃要求；例句：Neither side backed down over tariffs. 双方在关税问题上都不让步。 | back（向后）+ down：往后退；近义 climb down、give in |
| give in | /—/ | phr. v. 屈服；让步；上交 | give in to pressure 屈服于压力；例句：The union refused to give in. 工会拒绝让步。 | give in to sth 屈服于……；与 give up（放弃）区分：in 是让步、up 是放弃 |
| opt out of | /—/ | phr. v. 退出；选择不参与 | opt out of the pension scheme 退出养老金计划；例句：Users may opt out of data tracking. 用户可以选择退出数据追踪。 | opt（选择）+ out of；反义 opt in（选择加入）；隐私政策高频 |
| do away with | /—/ | phr. v. 废除；终结 | do away with outdated rules 废除过时规定；例句：The city did away with paper tickets. 该市取消了纸质车票。 | 整体记"废除"，勿按字面拆解；与 abolish 同义更口语 |
| turn out | /—/ | phr. v. 结果是；证明是；生产 | it turned out that... 结果是……；turn out to be a success 结果很成功；例句：The rumor turned out to be false. 谣言最终证明是假的。 | 双义全收：结果证明 / 生产（turn out cars）；it turns out that 为阅读高频句式 |
| end up | /—/ | phr. v. 最终处于；落得 | end up doing sth 最终做了某事；end up in court 最后对簿公堂；例句：Most startups end up pivoting at least once. 多数初创公司最终至少转型一次。 | end up + doing / adj. / 介词短语；隐含"计划之外"的结局 |
| wind up | /—/ | phr. v. 落得……下场；（公司）清盘 | wind up paying more 最终多付钱；wind up the company 关停公司；例句：He wound up doing all the cleanup himself. 最后收拾烂摊子的还是他自己。 | wind /waɪnd/（缠绕）不是"风"；与 end up 同义；英式更常用 |
| boil down to | /—/ | phr. v. 归结为 | the debate boils down to one question 争论归结为一个问题；例句：The choice boils down to cost versus speed. 选择归结为成本与速度之争。 | "熬到只剩底汤"的意象；主语常为争论、问题 |
| come down to | /—/ | phr. v. 归结为；取决于 | it comes down to money 归根到底是钱的问题；例句：The decision comes down to trust. 决定归根结底是信任问题。 | 与 boil down to 同义；正确项常以 be a matter of 同义替换 |
| account for | /—/ | phr. v. 解释（原因）；占比 | account for 30% of sales 占销售额三成；例句：Services account for most of the city's jobs. 服务业占该市就业的大头。 | 双义全收：解释原因 / 占比；审计语境另有"对账"义 |
| pay off | /—/ | phr. v. 得到回报；还清；收买 | hard work pays off 努力终有回报；pay off the mortgage 还清房贷；例句：Ten years of research finally paid off. 十年研究终获回报。 | 三义：还清（债务）/ 回报（主语是努力）/ 收买（pay sb off）；完形三义都考过 |
| set out | /—/ | phr. v. 着手（set out to do）；出发；列举 | set out to reform the tax code 着手改革税制；例句：The paper sets out three policy options. 文章列举了三种政策选项。 | set out to do = 打算并着手做；"陈述、列举"义在学术写作高频 |
| set about | /—/ | phr. v. 开始做（接名词/动名词） | set about solving the problem 着手解决问题；例句：She set about rewriting the codebase. 她着手重写代码库。 | about 后接动名词；与 set out to do 句式不同、意思相近 |
| kick off | /—/ | phr. v. （活动、赛季）开始 | the season kicks off next week 赛季下周开打；例句：The campaign kicked off with a rally. 竞选活动以集会开场。 | 足球"开球"引申"开始"；kick-off meeting（项目启动会）职场高频 |
| take up | /—/ | phr. v. 开始从事；占据（时间/空间） | take up painting 开始学画画；take up much space 占很多空间；例句：Documentation takes up half the sprint. 文档工作占了半个冲刺周期。 | "占据"义是工程师最熟的用法；take up a post 就任 |
| carry out | /—/ | phr. v. 执行；开展；完成 | carry out a survey/research 开展调查/研究；例句：The team carried out stress tests before launch. 团队在上线前执行了压力测试。 | 与 perform、execute、conduct 同义替换；carry out promises 兑现承诺 |
| follow up | /—/ | phr. v. 跟进；后续处理 | follow up on a lead 顺着线索跟进；例句：The clinic followed up with patients after six months. 诊所六个月后对患者做了随访。 | follow up on sth 跟进某事；名词化 follow-up（随访；后续）医学销售高频 |
| follow through | /—/ | phr. v. 坚持到底；贯彻 | follow through on commitments 兑现承诺；例句：Plans fail when teams don't follow through. 团队不贯彻，计划就落空。 | through 表"从头到尾穿过去"；与 follow up（跟进一步）区分 |
| see through | /—/ | phr. v. 把……进行到底；看穿 | see the project through 把项目做到底；例句：Only a third of learners see the course through. 仅三分之一学员把课程学完。 | 双义：坚持完成（see sth through）/ 识破（see through sth） |
| iron out | /—/ | phr. v. 消除（分歧、小问题）；理顺 | iron out differences 化解分歧；例句：The two sides met to iron out the remaining details. 双方会面敲定剩余细节。 | iron（熨斗）：把褶皱熨平；谈判语境高频 |
| come up with | /—/ | phr. v. 想出；提出 | come up with a solution 想出解决办法；例句：Engineers came up with a cheaper fix overnight. 工程师连夜想出更省钱的修复方案。 | 主语是人；与 put forward（正式提出）区分：come up with 强调"想出来"的过程 |
| catch up with | /—/ | phr. v. 赶上；（不良后果）找上门 | catch up with the leaders 追上领先者；例句：Sleep debt eventually catches up with you. 睡眠债迟早要还。 | "后果追上某人"为高频引申义；与 keep up with（保持同步）区分 |
| keep up with | /—/ | phr. v. 跟上；与……保持联系 | keep up with the latest research 跟进最新研究；例句：It is hard to keep up with AI papers these days. 如今 AI 论文多到看不过来。 | keep 是"不落下"，catch 是"补差距"；keep up with old friends 与老友保持联络 |
| get over | /—/ | phr. v. 克服；从（疾病、打击）中恢复 | get over the flu 从流感中痊愈；例句：The market never fully got over the crash. 市场始终未从崩盘中完全恢复。 | over = 翻过这道坎；get over it 口语"想开点" |
| get through | /—/ | phr. v. 度过（难关）；完成；（电话）接通 | get through the winter 撑过冬天；例句：I couldn't get through to support. 客服电话打不通。 | 三义全收：熬过 / 干完 / 接通（get through to sb） |
| get by | /—/ | phr. v. 勉强过活；凑合应付 | get by on a small income 靠微薄收入度日；例句：My French is just enough to get by. 我的法语只够凑合用。 | get by on/with sth 靠……勉强应付；语气比 survive 轻 |
| live up to | /—/ | phr. v. 符合；不辜负（期望） | live up to expectations 不负众望；例句：The sequel didn't live up to the original. 续作不及原作。 | to 是介词，后接名词；live up to expectations 阅读高频 |
| catch on | /—/ | phr. v. 流行起来；明白过来 | the idea caught on 这个点子流行开来；例句：Mobile payments caught on slowly at first. 移动支付起初普及很慢。 | 无宾语用法表"走红"；catch on to sth 才是"明白过来" |
| cut back on | /—/ | phr. v. 削减；缩减 | cut back on spending 削减开支；例句：The firm cut back on business travel. 公司削减了差旅。 | on 不可省；与 cut down on 同义；与 scale back 辨析见下条 |
| scale back | /—/ | phr. v. 缩减（规模、范围） | scale back production 缩减产能；例句：The rollout was scaled back after the outage. 事故后部署规模被缩减。 | scale（规模）作动词；反义 scale up（扩大）；商业报道高频 |
| phase out | /—/ | phr. v. 逐步淘汰；分阶段停止 | phase out fossil fuels 逐步停用化石燃料；例句：The old API will be phased out next year. 旧接口明年下线。 | phase（阶段）：按阶段退出；被动语态 be phased out 高频 |
| put off | /—/ | phr. v. 推迟；搪塞 | put off the meeting 推迟会议；例句：The vote was put off until next week. 投票被推迟到下周。 | put off doing sth（推迟做某事）后接动名词；"让人反感"义：The smell put me off. |
| take over | /—/ | phr. v. 接管；接收；接替 | take over the family business 接管家族企业；例句：A rival took over the failing airline. 一家竞争对手接管了这家陷入困境的航空公司。 | over = 接过来；take over from sb 接替某人；名词 takeover（收购） |
| step down | /—/ | phr. v. 辞职；（尤指要职）下台 | step down as CEO 辞去首席执行官职务；例句：The minister stepped down over the scandal. 部长因丑闻辞职。 | 字面"走下台阶"；反义组 step up（加强；补位） |
| step up | /—/ | phr. v. 加强；增加；（挺身）补位 | step up efforts 加强努力；step up to the challenge 迎接挑战；例句：Suppliers stepped up output to meet demand. 供应商增产以满足需求。 | step up production 增产；step up to the plate 挺身而出 |
