Unit21 数量与程度

  • 所属:高频核心词 · 词汇库导览
  • 话题:数量与程度——完形填空与阅读理解中判断幅度大小、比较数量、表达约数的高频词(微不足道/相当大/巨大三级幅度、比例与占比、估约与倍数等),也是图表作文的骨架词。程度态度类形容词见 Unit02-态度与评价,经济盈亏类见 Unit03-经济与商业
  • 学法:先通读词表划掉已熟词;重点记"搭配与例句"列;幅度形容词可按"微不足道 → 适度 → 相当大 → 巨大"排成一条线记忆;学完做文末自测,按 导览 的 1/2/4/7/15 天周期复习
  • 音标为美式 IPA;例句均为本站自编

词表(50 词)

单词音标词性与核心释义搭配与例句记忆点
marginal/ˈmɑːrdʒɪnl/adj. 微小的;边缘的a marginal improvement 微小改善;a marginal difference 极小差异;例句:The new design brought only a marginal gain in speed. 新设计只带来微小的速度提升。margin(边缘,见 Unit03)+ -al:贴着边的、不痛不痒的
negligible/ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/adj. 可忽略不计的;微不足道的a negligible effect/amount 微不足道的影响/量;例句:The risk is negligible for healthy adults. 对健康成人该风险可忽略不计。neglect(忽略)+ -ible:可以不加理会的
slight/slaɪt/adj. 轻微的;细小的a slight increase/decline 小幅上升/下降;not in the slightest 毫不;例句:There was a slight drop in sales last month. 上月销量小幅下滑。与 light 同源变体;副词 slightly 高频
subtle/ˈsʌtl/adj. 微妙的;不易察觉的a subtle difference 微妙差别;subtle changes 细微变化;例句:The two plans differ in subtle ways. 两个方案有微妙差异。b 不发音;sub-(下):藏而不露的
modest/ˈmɑːdɪst/adj. 不太大的;适中的;谦虚的a modest increase 小幅增长;a modest income 中等收入;例句:The country enjoyed a modest recovery last year. 该国去年温和复苏。mod(尺度,同 moderate 见 Unit02)+ -est:有分寸的
marked/mɑːrkt/adj. 显著的;明显的a marked improvement 显著改善;a marked contrast 鲜明对比;例句:There has been a marked change in public attitudes. 公众态度已有显著转变。mark(记号)+ -ed:如打上记号般清楚
sizable/ˈsaɪzəbl/adj. 相当大的;可观的a sizable proportion/amount 相当大的比例/数量;a sizable minority 相当一部分少数群体;例句:A sizable share of workers commute by bike. 相当一部分员工骑车通勤。size(大小)+ -able:成规模的;亦拼作 sizeable
significant/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/adj. 显著的;重要的a significant increase 显著增长;a significant difference 重大差异;例句:The study found a significant link between sleep and memory. 研究发现睡眠与记忆显著相关。sign(记号)+ fic(做)+ -ant:做出标记的
enormous/ɪˈnɔːrməs/adj. 巨大的;庞大的an enormous amount/impact 巨量/巨大影响;enormous pressure 巨大压力;例句:Enormous sums were spent on the project. 该项目耗资巨大。e-(超出)+ norm(标准,同 normal):超出正常值
immense/ɪˈmens/adj. 极大的;巨大的immense value/importance 极大价值/重要性;immense scale 巨大规模;例句:The scheme is of immense benefit to farmers. 该计划使农民受益极大。im-(不)+ mense(测量,同 measure):大到无法测量
vast/væst/adj. 巨大的;广阔的vast amounts of 大量;the vast majority 绝大多数;a vast network 庞大网络;例句:The vast majority of users never change default settings. 绝大多数用户从不修改默认设置。the vast majority of... 为阅读最高频搭配之一
tremendous/trɪˈmendəs/adj. 极大的;极其的tremendous effort/impact 巨大努力/影响;tremendous speed 极快速度;例句:Clearing the backlog took a tremendous effort. 清理积压工作费了九牛二虎之力。trem(颤抖,同 tremble):大得让人发抖
extreme/ɪkˈstriːm/adj. 极端的;极度的 n. 极端in extreme cases 在极端情况下;extreme weather 极端天气;go to extremes 走极端;例句:The policy is defensible only in extreme cases. 该政策仅在极端情况下站得住脚。与 Unit19 主题呼应:极端天气/极端气候是科普文高频
excessive/ɪkˈsesɪv/adj. 过度的;过多的excessive use of... 过度使用;excessive drinking 酗酒;例句:Excessive screen time harms children's sleep. 屏幕时间过长损害儿童睡眠。excess(过量)+ -ive;名词 excess 亦高频
undue/ˌʌnˈduː/adj. 过度的;不当的undue influence 不当影响;place undue emphasis on... 过分强调;例句:The report placed undue emphasis on test scores. 报告过分强调考试分数。un-(不)+ due(应得):超出应有限度
proportion/prəˈpɔːrʃn/n. 比例;部分;均衡a large/small proportion of... 大/小部分;in proportion to... 与……成比例;out of proportion 失衡;例句:A growing proportion of the budget goes to health care. 预算中越来越大的比例投向医疗。pro-(按)+ port(部分)+ -ion;形容词 proportional 成比例的
percentage/pərˈsentɪdʒ/n. 百分比;部分a high/low percentage 高/低百分比;a small percentage of... 小部分;例句:Only a small percentage of applicants are accepted. 仅一小部分申请者被录取。percent(百分之……)+ -age;注意与 percent 的区别
fraction/ˈfrækʃn/n. 小部分;分数a fraction of the cost 费用的一小部分;a small fraction 极小部分;例句:The service completes the task in a fraction of the time. 该服务用极短时间完成任务。fract(碎裂,同 fracture 骨折):碎成小块
ratio/ˈreɪʃioʊ/n. 比率;比例the ratio of A to B A 与 B 之比;the student-teacher ratio 师生比;例句:The ratio of applications to seats is ten to one. 申请人数与席位之比为十比一。数学借词;ratio 是两量之比,rate 是速率/比率
majority/məˈdʒɔːrəti/n. 多数;大多数the (vast) majority of... (绝)大多数;a narrow/thin majority 微弱多数;例句:The vast majority of respondents backed the plan. 绝大多数受访者支持该计划。major(较大)+ -ity;反义 minority 见 Unit05
handful/ˈhændfʊl/n. 一把;少数几个a handful of... 少数几个……;only a handful of people 仅寥寥数人;例句:Only a handful of startups survive past five years. 只有寥寥几家初创公司能活过五年。hand(手)+ -ful(满):一满把
abundance/əˈbʌndəns/n. 丰富;充裕in abundance 大量地;an abundance of 大量的;例句:The region produces fruit in abundance. 该地区盛产水果。ab-(溢出)+ und(涌流):多到溢出来;形容词 abundant
myriad/ˈmɪriəd/adj. 无数的 n. 无数a myriad of challenges 无数挑战;myriad possibilities 种种可能;例句:The app supports a myriad of use cases. 该应用支持无数使用场景。希腊语"一万":极言其多
multitude/ˈmʌltɪtuːd/n. 大量;大批;人群a multitude of options 大量选择;a multitude of reasons 种种原因;例句:A multitude of factors affect the outcome. 众多因素影响结果。mult(多,同 multiply)+ -itude;a multitude of 与 a myriad of 同义
magnitude/ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/n. 量级;重大程度;震级the magnitude of the problem 问题的严重程度;of the first magnitude 头等重要的;例句:Few grasped the magnitude of the crisis. 很少有人领会危机之重。magn(大,同 magnify 放大)+ -itude
extent/ɪkˈstent/n. 程度;范围to some extent 在某种程度上;to a greater/lesser extent 在更大/较小程度上;the extent of the damage 受损程度;例句:The injury limits his mobility to some extent. 伤情在某种程度上限制了他的行动。ex-(出)+ tent(伸,同 extend):伸展多远就是多大范围
bulk/bʌlk/n. 大部分;主体;大宗the bulk of... ……的大部;in bulk 大宗、整批;例句:The bulk of the evidence points to a single cause. 大部分证据指向同一原因。in bulk 购物即"批量购买";the bulk of 表"主体"
portion/ˈpɔːrʃn/n. 一部分;(食物)一份a portion of the budget 预算的一部分;a large portion of the population 一大部分人口;例句:A large portion of profits goes to research. 利润的大部分投入研发。与 proportion 同根 port(部分);portion 量上的一份
threshold/ˈθreʃhoʊld/n. 门槛;阈值;起点the pain threshold 痛觉阈值;below the poverty threshold 低于贫困线;例句:Incomes below the threshold qualify for aid. 收入低于该阈值者可获补助。thresh(踩踏)+ hold(门):门槛是"踩踏处"
approximate/əˈprɑːksɪmət/ adj.; /əˈprɑːksɪmeɪt/ v.adj. 近似的 v. 接近;近似approximate figures/values 近似数字/取值;approximate the real conditions 接近真实条件;例句:The mock exam approximates real test conditions. 模拟考试贴近真实考试条件。ap-(去)+ proxim(近,同 proximity 邻近)
estimate/ˈestɪmət/ n.; /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v.n. 估计 v. 估计;估算a rough estimate 粗略估计;an estimated 2 million people 估计两百万人;例句:Experts estimate the cost at $3 billion. 专家估计成本为三十亿美元。名动同形异读:名词 /ˈestɪmət/,动词 /ˈestɪmeɪt/
calculate/ˈkælkjuleɪt/v. 计算;估算;旨在calculate the cost/risk 计算成本/风险;be calculated to do... 旨在……;例句:The app calculates the fastest route in real time. 应用实时算出最快路线。calcul(石子):古人以石子计数
quantify/ˈkwɑːntɪfaɪ/v. 量化;用数量表示quantify the impact 量化影响;hard to quantify 难以量化;例句:The benefits are real but hard to quantify. 好处是真实的,却难以量化。quantity(量)+ -fy;与 qualitative(定性的)相对(见 Unit01)
peak/piːk/n. 顶峰 v. 达到峰值 adj. 高峰的reach a peak 达到峰值;peak hours/demand 高峰时段/需求;例句:Demand peaks in the weeks before the holidays. 需求在节前数周达到峰值。山峰义;数据语境中与 Unit19 summit 分工:peak 更常用
average/ˈævərɪdʒ/n. 平均数 adj. 平均的 v. 平均为on average 平均而言;above/below average 高于/低于平均水平;例句:Prices rose by an average of 3 percent. 价格平均上涨百分之三。原为海商法"海损分摊"术语
double/ˈdʌbl/v. 翻一番 adj. 两倍的double in size/number 规模/数量翻倍;double the rate of... 是……的两倍;例句:Membership doubled within two years. 会员数两年内翻了一番。与 halve(减半)成对记
triple/ˈtrɪpl/v. 增至三倍 adj. 三倍的sales tripled 销量增至三倍;triple in size 规模增至三倍;例句:The company tripled its revenue in five years. 公司营收五年增至三倍。tri(三,同 triangle 三角形)+ -ple
multiply/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/v. 乘;(使)成倍增加;繁殖multiply by ten 乘以十;multiply the risk of infection 成倍增加感染风险;例句:Errors multiply when data is copied by hand. 手工誊抄数据时错误成倍增加。mult(多)+ ply(折叠):层层翻番
exceed/ɪkˈsiːd/v. 超过;超出exceed the limit/speed 超限/超速;exceed expectations 超出预期;例句:Sales exceeded even the most optimistic forecasts. 销量甚至超出最乐观的预测。ex-(出)+ ceed(走):走出界外
outnumber/ˌaʊtˈnʌmbər/v. 数量上超过;比……多outnumber men by two to one 以二比一多于男性;例句:Women outnumber men in graduate programs. 研究生阶段女性人数超过男性。out-(超过)+ number(数量);近义 outweigh(重要性上超过,见 Unit11)
roughly/ˈrʌfli/adv. 大约;粗略地roughly half 大约一半;roughly speaking 大致说来;例句:The project will take roughly two years. 该项目大约需要两年。rough(粗略的)+ -ly
approximately/əˈprɑːksɪmətli/adv. 大约;接近地approximately 30 percent 约百分之三十;例句:The population is approximately 2 million. 人口约两百万。比 about 更正式,学术文章首选
nearly/ˈnɪrli/adv. 几乎;差不多nearly twice as many 几乎两倍之多;not nearly enough 远远不够;例句:The new method costs nearly half as much. 新方法的成本几乎减半。not nearly 是阅读高频否定结构:"远非"
somewhat/ˈsʌmwʌt/adv. 稍微;有点somewhat higher/larger 略高/略大;somewhat surprising 略令人意外;例句:The results were somewhat better than expected. 结果比预期略好。some(某)+ what(何等):到某种程度
exponential/ˌekspəˈnenʃl/adj. 指数的;急剧的exponential growth 指数增长;grow at an exponential rate 以指数速率增长;例句:Data volumes have grown at an exponential rate. 数据量呈指数级增长。ex-(出)+ pon(放置):指数是"放在右上角"的数
cumulative/ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/adj. 累积的;渐增的the cumulative effect 累积效应;cumulative damage 累积损伤;例句:The cumulative impact of small errors can be severe. 小错误的累积影响可能很严重。cumul(堆积,同 accumulate 积累,见 Unit11)+ -ative
finite/ˈfaɪnaɪt/adj. 有限的;有穷的finite resources 有限资源;a finite number of... 有限个……;例句:The budget is finite; ambitions are not. 预算是有限的,野心却不是。fin(界限,同 final 最终的)+ -ite
infinite/ˈɪnfɪnət/adj. 无限的;无穷的an infinite variety of... 无穷多样的……;infinite patience 无限耐心;例句:The desert seems infinite at noon. 正午的沙漠一望无际。in-(无)+ finite:没有边界的
statistical/stəˈtɪstɪkl/adj. 统计的;统计学的statistical evidence/data 统计证据/数据;statistical significance 统计显著性;例句:The difference was too small to reach statistical significance. 差异太小,达不到统计显著性。statistic(统计数据)+ -al;statistics 兼指"统计学"
measurable/ˈmeʒərəbl/adj. 可测量的;明显的measurable progress 可衡量的进步;a measurable improvement 明显改善;例句:The program has made measurable gains in literacy. 该项目在识字率上取得可测量的进步。measure(测量)+ -able;超出 measure 之外即 immeasurable

本单元自测(10 题,模拟题)

第 1-4 题:写出下列搭配的中文意思

  1. a marked improvement in air quality(本单元词 marked)
  2. the vast majority of respondents
  3. a negligible effect on the outcome
  4. in proportion to population growth

第 5-7 题:选词填空(finite / handful / threshold / double,注意正确形式)

  1. Water supplies in the region are ______; they cannot support unlimited growth.
  2. Only a ______ of the applicants were invited to interview.
  3. Households earning below the ______ qualify for the subsidy.

第 8 题:介词/副词填空

  1. The number of cyclists is small in proportion ______ that of drivers.

第 9-10 题:汉译英(用本单元词汇)

  1. 该国智能手机用户的数量在过去五年翻了一番还多。(more than double)
  2. 改革的好处是实实在在的,但很难量化。(benefits / quantify)
点击展开答案与简析
  1. 空气质量的显著改善。【考点:形容词释义;难度:低;错因提醒:marked 此处表"显著的",勿按字面误解为"被标记的"】
  2. 绝大多数受访者。【考点:固定搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:the vast majority of... 表"绝大多数",是阅读中最常见的比例表达之一】
  3. 对结果微不足道的影响。【考点:程度形容词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:negligible"可忽略的",程度比 slight 更小;勿与 negligent(疏忽的)混淆】
  4. 与人口增长成比例。【考点:固定搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:in proportion to... 与……成比例;反义短语 out of proportion(不成比例、夸张)】
  5. finite。【考点:形容词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:句中 unlimited 与之形成反义对照,选 finite(有限的);勿与 infinite(无限的)混淆——一词之差意思相反】
  6. handful。【考点:名词辨义;难度:低;错因提醒:a handful of... 表"少数几个";注意 handful 单数形式配 a】
  7. threshold。【考点:名词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:below the threshold 低于阈值/起征线,与句中 earning(收入)呼应;此处用单数】
  8. to。【考点:介词搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:in proportion to...(与……成比例)为固定搭配,勿误用 with/of】
  9. The number of smart phone users in the country has more than doubled in the past five years.【考点:汉译英+倍数表达;难度:中;错因提醒:double 作动词表"翻番";"翻了一番还多"用 more than doubled,注意用现在完成时】
  10. The benefits of the reform are real but hard to quantify.【考点:汉译英+动词搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:hard to quantify 难以量化;quantify(量化)勿与 quality(质量)词形混淆】