| nevertheless | /ˌnevərðəˈles/ | 【转折】adv. 然而;尽管如此 | 句首/句中均可:The evidence is limited; nevertheless, the conclusion is convincing. 证据有限;然而结论令人信服。 | never + the + less:尽管如此(还是……) |
| nonetheless | /ˌnʌnðəˈles/ | 【转折】adv. 然而;尽管如此 | 例句:The task was daunting; nonetheless, they succeeded. 任务艰巨;但他们还是成功了。 | none + the + less:与 nevertheless 同义互换,写作避免重复时使用 |
| whereas | /ˌwerˈæz/ | 【对比】conj. 然而;鉴于(对比两事物) | whereas A..., B...:Older users prefer email, whereas younger ones favor messaging apps. 年长用户偏爱邮件,而年轻用户更喜欢即时通讯。 | where + as:在"哪里"却"如彼" → 两相对照 |
| while | /waɪl/ | 【让步/对比】conj. 虽然;而(同时) | While the plan has merits, it also carries risks. 该计划虽有优点,但也有风险。 | 一词三义(当……时/虽然/而),考研最爱考"虽然/而" |
| although | /ɔːlˈðoʊ/ | 【让步】conj. 虽然;尽管 | Although the data are incomplete, the trend is clear. 虽然数据不完整,但趋势是清楚的。 | all + though:完全"尽管" |
| even though | — | 【让步】conj. 即使;尽管(语气强于 although) | 例句:Even though costs are high, many firms still invest in training. 尽管成本高昂,许多公司仍投资于培训。 | even(甚至)加强让步语气;不能说 even although |
| despite | /dɪˈspaɪt/ | 【让步】prep. 尽管(后接名词/动名词) | despite opposition 尽管有反对;例句:Despite the criticism, the policy continued. 尽管受到批评,该政策仍在推行。 | de-(向下)+ spit(看):俯视之下仍前行;注意 despite 后不接 of |
| in spite of | — | 【让步】prep. 尽管(= despite) | in spite of the difficulties 尽管有困难;例句:In spite of the delays, the project was completed. 尽管一再延误,项目还是完成了。 | spite(恶意):顶着"恶意"仍做;含 of,勿与 despite 混 |
| notwithstanding | /ˌnɑːtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/ | 【让步】prep./adv. 尽管 | 例句:Notwithstanding the objections, the board approved the merger. 尽管有反对意见,董事会仍批准了并购。 | not + with + standing:不能使之站住脚 → 无碍于 |
| albeit | /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/ | 【让步】conj. 尽管(常接形容词/介词短语,书面语) | 例句:The treatment is effective, albeit expensive. 该疗法有效,尽管费用高昂。 | all + be + it:虽是如此;后面不接完整从句 |
| granted | /ˈɡrænɪdɪd/ | 【让步】(句首)诚然;固然 | Granted, the system is imperfect, but it still works. 诚然,该体系并不完美,但它仍然有效。 | grant(承认)+ -ed:先承认对方一点,再转折(常与 but 连用) |
| admittedly | /ədˈmɪtɪdli/ | 【让步】adv. 诚然;无可否认地 | 例句:Admittedly, the sample was small; the findings, however, are suggestive. 诚然样本很小,但结果仍具启发性。 | admit(承认)+ -ted + -ly:作者"先让一步"的信号 |
| paradoxically | /ˌpærəˈdɑːksɪkli/ | 【转折/对比】adv. 自相矛盾地;反常地 | 例句:Paradoxically, the abundance of choice often reduces satisfaction. 矛盾的是,选择的丰富常降低满意度。 | paradox(悖论)+ -ically:看似矛盾却成立 |
| in contrast | — | 【对比】相比之下(对比两个不同事物) | 例句:In contrast, rural areas saw little growth. 相比之下,农村地区增长甚微。 | contrast(对比度);后接 to/with sth 更常见 |
| by contrast | — | 【对比】相比之下 | 例句:Online sales soared; offline sales, by contrast, slumped. 线上销售飙升;相比之下,线下销售暴跌。 | 与 in contrast 用法相近,多用于句中插入 |
| on the contrary | — | 【反驳/转折】恰恰相反(否定前述说法) | 例句:The reform did not fail; on the contrary, it exceeded expectations. 改革并未失败;恰恰相反,它超出了预期。 | 用于推翻刚否定的观点,而非普通对比 |
| conversely | /ˈkɑːnvɜːrsli/ | 【对比】adv. 相反地(逻辑上反过来说) | 例句:Higher trust lowers transaction costs; conversely, distrust raises them. 信任降低交易成本;反之,不信任抬高成本。 | converse(相反的)+ -ly:把命题反过来讲 |
| instead | /ɪnˈsted/ | 【转折】adv. 代替;反而 | instead of doing... 而不是……;例句:The firm cut prices instead of laying off staff. 公司降价而非裁员。 | in + stead(地方):占了那个位置 → 取而代之 |
| rather | /ˈræðər/ | 【转折】adv. 而是;相当 | rather... than... 与其……不如……;例句:The goal is to prevent, rather than punish, violations. 目标是预防违规,而非惩罚违规。 | 常与 than 连用;rather than 后接动词原形 |
| therefore | /ˈðerfɔːr/ | 【因果】adv. 因此;所以 | 例句:The data are incomplete; therefore, the conclusion remains tentative. 数据不完整,因此结论仍是尝试性的。 | there + fore:在那(原因)之后 → 于是 |
| thus | /ðʌs/ | 【因果】adv. 因此;从而(书面语) | thus creating jobs 从而创造就业;例句:Costs fell, thus boosting demand. 成本下降,从而提振了需求。 | 后可接现在分词表结果,是 thus 的高级用法 |
| hence | /hens/ | 【因果】adv. 因此;由此 | hence the importance of... 由此……的重要性;例句:The town lies on a fault line; hence the frequent quakes. 该镇位于断层带上,因此地震频繁。 | hence 后可直接接名词,比 therefore 更简洁 |
| consequently | /ˈkɑːnsəkwentli/ | 【因果】adv. 因此;结果 | 例句:Demand slumped; consequently, prices fell sharply. 需求骤减,结果价格大跌。 | con-(共同)+ sequ(跟随,同 sequence):随之而来 |
| accordingly | /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/ | 【因果】adv. 因此;相应地 | 例句:The risks were reassessed, and the plan was revised accordingly. 风险得到重新评估,计划也据此修订。 | according(依照)+ -ly:依照前因 → 相应地 |
| as a result | — | 【因果】因此;结果 | 例句:Funding was cut; as a result, two labs closed. 经费被砍,结果两家实验室关闭。 | result(结果):明示前因后果 |
| in turn | — | 【递进/承接】转而;相应地;反过来 | 例句:Growth creates jobs, which in turn boosts consumption. 增长创造就业,就业转而又拉动消费。 | 像齿轮"轮到下一个":链式反应的信号 |
| correspondingly | /ˌkɔːrˈspɑːndɪŋli/ | 【因果/对比】adv. 相应地;相应地增减 | 例句:Costs rose sharply; budgets were correspondingly reduced. 成本骤升,预算也相应削减。 | correspond(相对应)+ -ingly |
| furthermore | /ˌfɜːrðərˈmɔːr/ | 【递进】adv. 而且;此外 | 例句:The plan is costly; furthermore, it may be illegal. 该计划耗资巨大,此外还可能违法。 | further(更进一步)+ more:再进一步 |
| moreover | /mɔːrˈoʊvər/ | 【递进】adv. 而且;此外 | 例句:The drug is effective; moreover, it is cheap. 该药有效,而且便宜。 | more + over:此外还有更多 |
| what's more | — | 【递进】而且;更重要的是 | 例句:The system is faster; what's more, it is safer. 该系统更快,而且更安全。 | 口语化程度略高,写作中与 moreover 互换 |
| in addition | — | 【递进】此外;另外 | in addition to... 除……之外(还);例句:In addition, the app collects usage data. 此外,该应用还收集使用数据。 | add(加)的名词化:往上加 |
| besides | /bɪˈsaɪdz/ | 【递进】adv. 而且 prep. 除……之外(还) | 例句:The plan is risky; besides, there is no funding. 该计划有风险,而且没有经费。 | be + side(在旁边):旁边还有 |
| likewise | /ˈlaɪkwaɪz/ | 【递进/类比】adv. 同样地;也 | 例句:The first study was flawed; likewise, the second ignored confounding factors. 第一项研究有缺陷;同样,第二项也忽略了混杂因素。 | like(相同)+ wise(方式):以相同方式 |
| similarly | /ˈsɪmələrli/ | 【类比/递进】adv. 同样地;类似地 | 例句:Similarly, urban schools face staff shortages. 同样,城市学校也面临师资短缺。 | similar(相似的)+ -ly |
| equally | /ˈiːkwəli/ | 【类比/递进】adv. 同样地;平等地 | equally important 同样重要的是;例句:Equally, consumers must guard their privacy. 同样,消费者也必须保护自己的隐私。 | equal(相等的)+ -ly |
| by the same token | — | 【类比/递进】同理;同样地 | 例句:Rights imply duties; by the same token, freedom implies responsibility. 权利意味着义务;同理,自由意味着责任。 | token(标志):凭同一"凭证"推知 |
| indeed | /ɪnˈdiːd/ | 【递进/强调】adv. 确实;甚至 | 例句:The task is difficult; indeed, it may be impossible. 任务很难,甚至可能无法完成。 | in + deed(事实):在事实上 → 确实;递进时相当于 in fact |
| in fact | — | 【转折/强调】事实上;实际上(常修正或强化前文) | 例句:The change seemed minor; in fact, it transformed the industry. 这一变化看似微小,实际上却改变了整个行业。 | fact(事实):拿事实说话,常带轻微转折 |
| in effect | — | 【转折/归纳】实际上;实质上 | 例句:The policy, in effect, subsidizes big firms. 该政策实际上是在补贴大企业。 | effect(效果):就实际效果而言 |
| namely | /ˈneɪmli/ | 【解释/列举】adv. 即;也就是 | 例句:Two factors matter, namely cost and speed. 两个因素很关键,即成本和速度。 | name(命名)+ -ly:点名道来 |
| in other words | — | 【解释/重述】换句话说 | 例句:Prices did not fall; in other words, the policy failed. 价格没有下降;换句话说,政策失败了。 | 换个说法重述,常考对重述句的同义改写 |
| in particular | — | 【强调/聚焦】尤其;特别 | 例句:Young users, in particular, are vulnerable to misinformation. 年轻用户尤其容易受错误信息影响。 | particular(特定的):聚焦到具体对象 |
| notably | /ˈnoʊtəbli/ | 【强调/列举】adv. 尤其;显著地 | 例句:Several countries, notably Japan, face aging populations. 若干国家,尤其是日本,面临人口老龄化。 | note(注意)+ -ably:值得注意地 |
| above all | — | 【强调/归纳】最重要的是;尤其是 | 例句:The plan requires, above all, patience. 该计划最需要的是耐心。 | 高于一切 → 压倒性地重要 |
| ultimately | /ˈʌltɪmətli/ | 【归纳/结论】adv. 最终;归根结底 | 例句:The decision rests, ultimately, with the board. 归根结底,决定权在董事会。 | ultimate(最终的)+ -ly |
| in short | — | 【归纳/总结】简言之;总之 | 例句:In short, the benefits outweigh the risks. 简言之,利大于弊。 | 长话短说 → 总结信号 |
| meanwhile | /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ | 【时间/承接】adv. 与此同时 | 例句:Costs kept rising; meanwhile, revenues stagnated. 成本不断攀升;与此同时,收入停滞。 | mean + while:在这段时间里 |
| subsequently | /ˈsʌbsɪkwentli/ | 【时间/承接】adv. 随后;后来 | 例句:The drug was approved and subsequently withdrawn. 该药获批后又被撤市。 | sub-(后)+ sequ(跟随):跟在后面 |
| thereafter | /ˌðerˈæftər/ | 【时间/承接】adv. 此后;以后 | 例句:The law took effect; thereafter, violations fell sharply. 法律生效后,违规行为骤减。 | there + after:从那以后,正式书面语 |
| otherwise | /ˈʌðərwaɪz/ | 【转折/条件】adv. 否则;在其他方面 conj. 不然 | 例句:Act now; otherwise, the opportunity will be lost. 立即行动,否则机会将逝去。 | other + wise(方式):以别的方式(就会……) |