| sibling | /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ | n. 兄弟姐妹 | sibling rivalry 手足竞争;an only child with no siblings 没有兄弟姐妹的独生子;例句:Sibling rivalry is common in families with young children. 手足竞争在有幼儿的家庭中很常见。 | sib(亲属)+ -ling(小):brother/sister 的中性学术词,社科阅读标准用词 |
| spouse | /spaʊs/ | n. 配偶 | a surviving spouse 未亡配偶;survivor benefits for spouses 配偶遗属抚恤金;例句:The policy covers the employee's spouse and children. 该政策覆盖员工的配偶和子女。 | husband or wife 的中性总称;重音同 house |
| household | /ˈhaʊshoʊld/ | n. 一家人;家庭 adj. 家用的 | a dual-income household 双职工家庭;household chores 家务;例句:The average household now spends more on services than goods. 如今普通家庭在服务上的支出已超过商品。 | house + hold(维持):维持一所房子的人;a household name 家喻户晓的名字 |
| upbringing | /ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ | n. 抚养;教养 | a strict upbringing 严格的教养;a privileged upbringing 优渥的成长环境;例句:Her upbringing shaped her attitude toward money. 她的成长经历塑造了她对金钱的态度。 | bring up(抚养)的名词化:动词短语倒装合成名词 |
| widow | /ˈwɪdoʊ/ | n. 遗孀 v. 使丧偶 | a war widow 战争遗孀;例句:The pension goes to the widow after the retiree dies. 退休者去世后抚恤金归其遗孀。 | 对应 widower(鳏夫);动词僻义"使丧偶、夺去" |
| widower | /ˈwɪdoʊər/ | n. 鳏夫 | 例句:The widower moved in with his daughter's family. 这位鳏夫搬去和女儿一家同住。 | widow + -er(男性):阴性阳性成对记忆 |
| orphan | /ˈɔːrfn/ | n. 孤儿 v. 使成为孤儿 | children orphaned by the epidemic 因疫病失去父母的孩子;例句:She was orphaned at the age of six. 她六岁时就成了孤儿。 | 拼写注意 -ph-;orphanage 孤儿院 |
| adoption | /əˈdɑːpʃn/ | n. 收养;采纳 | put a child up for adoption 将孩子送去收养;the adoption of new technology 新技术的采用;例句:The adoption process can take years. 收养流程可能耗时数年。 | 双义高频:"收养"与"采纳(政策/技术)" |
| adopt | /əˈdɑːpt/ | v. 收养;采取;正式通过 | adopt a child 收养孩子;adopt a policy 采取某政策;例句:The committee adopted the proposal unanimously. 委员会一致通过了该提案。 | ad-(朝向)+ opt(选择):选过来→采纳;与 adapt(适应)一字母之差 |
| adolescent | /ˌædəˈlesnt/ | n. 青少年 adj. 青春期的 | adolescent behavior 青春期行为;例句:Adolescents are highly sensitive to peer approval. 青少年对同伴的认可极为敏感。 | ad-(向)+ osc(成长,同 adult):正在长大的人;重音在第三音节 |
| adolescence | /ˌædəˈlesns/ | n. 青春期 | pass through adolescence 度过青春期;例句:The brain continues to develop throughout adolescence. 大脑在整个青春期持续发育。 | adolescent 的名词;与 adulthood 对举 |
| teenager | /ˈtiːneɪdʒər/ | n. (13-19 岁)青少年 | a moody teenager 叛逆期的少年;例句:Most teenagers sleep with their phones within reach. 大多数青少年睡觉时手机就放在手边。 | thirteen 到 nineteen 都以 -teen 结尾→teenager |
| toddler | /ˈtɑːdlər/ | n. 学步幼儿 | a toddler group 学步儿游戏组;例句:Toddlers learn new words at an astonishing rate. 学步幼儿学新词的速度惊人。 | toddle(蹒跚学步)+ -er;-er 表"反复做某动作的人" |
| infant | /ˈɪnfənt/ | n. 婴儿 adj. 初期的 | infant mortality 婴儿死亡率;an infant industry 新兴产业;例句:The clinic monitors the health of infants. 该诊所跟踪婴儿的健康状况。 | in-(不)+ fant(说话):还不会说话的人;"新兴产业"僻义为经济阅读高频 |
| infancy | /ˈɪnfənsi/ | n. 婴儿期;(事物)初期 | in its infancy 处于萌芽阶段;例句:Electric aviation is still in its infancy. 电动航空仍处于起步阶段。 | in its infancy 固定表达:"尚在襁褓之中" |
| childhood | /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ | n. 童年 | early childhood education 幼儿教育;a happy childhood 快乐的童年;例句:She spent her childhood in a coastal town. 她在海滨小镇度过童年。 | -hood(时期,同 adulthood):人生阶段后缀 |
| adulthood | /əˈdʌlthʊd/ | n. 成年 | reach adulthood 步入成年;throughout adulthood 整个成年期;例句:Habits formed in childhood often persist into adulthood. 童年养成的习惯常常延续到成年。 | adult + -hood;from childhood to adulthood 阅读常见时间跨度表达 |
| newborn | /ˈnuːbɔːrn/ | n. 新生儿 adj. 新生的 | newborn babies 新生儿;例句:The ward cares for premature newborns. 该病区护理早产新生儿。 | newly born 的合成;premature newborn 早产儿 |
| pregnancy | /ˈpreɡnənsi/ | n. 怀孕;孕期 | an unplanned pregnancy 意外怀孕;during pregnancy 孕期;例句:Smoking during pregnancy harms the fetus. 孕期吸烟会伤害胎儿。 | pregnant 的名词;teenage pregnancy 青少年怀孕(社会话题高频) |
| pregnant | /ˈpreɡnənt/ | adj. 怀孕的;充满的 | pregnant women 孕妇;be pregnant with possibilities 孕育着种种可能;例句:Pregnant employees are entitled to paid leave. 怀孕员工有权享受带薪假。 | pre-(前)+ gn(生育,同 gene):孕育之中的;僻义"充满(预示)" |
| maternity | /məˈtɜːrnəti/ | n. 母性;产科 adj. 产妇的 | maternity leave 产假;a maternity ward 产科病房;例句:The firm offers six months of paid maternity leave. 公司提供六个月带薪产假。 | matern(母,同 maternal)+ -ity;与 paternity leave(陪产假)成对 |
| paternity | /pəˈtɜːrnəti/ | n. 父亲身份;父系 | paternity leave 陪产假;a paternity test 亲子鉴定;例句:New fathers are taking paternity leave more often. 初为人父者休陪产假的情况更普遍了。 | patern(父,同 paternal)+ -ity;与 maternity 成对记忆 |
| maternal | /məˈtɜːrnl/ | adj. 母亲的;母系的 | maternal grandparents 外祖父母;maternal instincts 母性本能;例句:Her maternal grandparents live in the countryside. 她的外祖父母住在乡下。 | mater(母亲,拉丁语)+ -al;"母系的"指母亲一方的亲属 |
| paternal | /pəˈtɜːrnl/ | adj. 父亲的;父系的 | paternal care 父亲的照护;paternal grandparents 祖父母;例句:Paternal involvement improves children's outcomes. 父亲的参与改善孩子的成长结果。 | pater(父亲,拉丁语)+ -al;maternal/paternal 成对,家庭研究类文章必备 |
| parenting | /ˈperəntɪŋ/ | n. 养育;育儿 | parenting styles 养育方式;authoritative parenting 权威型教养;例句:Good parenting is more about consistency than control. 好的养育贵在始终如一而非控制。 | parent + -ing:动名词转化的名词;parenting style 为心理学阅读高频 |
| nurture | /ˈnɜːrtʃər/ | v. 养育;培养 n. 养育 | nurture talent 培养人才;nature versus nurture 先天与后天;例句:Teachers nurture curiosity as much as knowledge. 老师培养好奇心与传授知识并重。 | nature vs nurture(先天 vs 后天)为经典心理学议题;与 nurse 同源 |
| offspring | /ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ | n. 子女;后代 | caring for one's offspring 抚育后代;例句:These birds feed their offspring for weeks after hatching. 这些鸟在雏鸟孵化后还要喂食数周。 | off(离开)+ spring(跳跃):从母体"跳出来"的;单复数同形 |
| heir | /er/ | n. 继承人 | the heir to the throne 王位继承人;例句:The eldest son is the heir to the estate. 长子是这笔遗产的继承人。 | h 不发音(同 honest);heir apparent(法定继承人)为固定表达 |
| inheritance | /ɪnˈherɪtəns/ | n. 遗产;继承;遗传特征 | an inheritance tax 遗产税;genetic inheritance 基因遗传;例句:She used part of her inheritance to start a bakery. 她用一部分遗产开了一家面包店。 | inherit(继承)+ -ance;"遗传"义为生物阅读高频 |
| legacy | /ˈleɡəsi/ | n. 遗产;遗留影响 | a lasting legacy 持久的影响;the legacy of colonialism 殖民主义遗留问题;例句:The Games left the city a legacy of new stadiums. 奥运会给这座城市留下了新体育场的遗产。 | 源自 legare(托付),与 legal 无关;阅读中多指"历史遗留(问题)" |
| cousin | /ˈkʌzn/ | n. 堂/表兄弟姐妹 | a distant cousin 远房表亲;例句:She spent the summer with her cousins in the south. 她和表兄弟姐妹们在南方过了夏天。 | 涵盖堂表两系,比中文"表哥/堂妹"笼统;first cousin 亲堂/表亲 |
| nephew | /ˈnefjuː/ | n. 侄子;外甥 | 例句:He treats his nephews to ice cream on every visit. 每次到访他都请侄子们吃冰淇淋。 | 与 niece(侄女/外甥女)成对;拼写注意 -ph- |
| niece | /niːs/ | n. 侄女;外甥女 | 例句:Her niece just started kindergarten. 她的侄女刚上幼儿园。 | 与 nephew 成对记忆,一男一女 |
| grandparent | /ˈɡrænperənt/ | n. 祖父母/外祖父母 | be raised by grandparents 由祖辈抚养;例句:Many grandparents provide free childcare. 许多祖父母免费照看孙辈。 | grand-(辈分上移)+ parent;grandchild 孙辈 |
| in-laws | /ˈɪnlɔːz/ | n. 姻亲 | get along with one's in-laws 与姻亲处好关系;例句:They spent the holiday with their in-laws. 他们和姻亲们一起过节。 | in-law(法律上的亲属):婚姻结成的亲属;mother-in-law 婆婆/岳母 |
| extended | /ɪkˈstendɪd/ | adj. 扩大的;延伸的 | an extended family 数代同堂的大家庭;extended discussions 长时间的讨论;例句:The festival brings together the extended family. 节日把大家庭成员聚到一起。 | extend 的分词形容词;extended family 与 nuclear family 对举 |
| elderly | /ˈeldərli/ | adj. 上了年纪的 | the elderly 老年人;elderly care 养老照护;例句:The elderly are more vulnerable to heat waves. 老年人更易受热浪伤害。 | the + adj. 表群体;比 old 更礼貌,为新闻标准用词 |
| caregiver | /ˈkerɡɪvər/ | n. 照护者 | family caregivers 家庭照护者;例句:Millions of unpaid caregivers support aging parents. 数以百万计的无偿照护者在赡养年迈父母。 | care + give + -er(者);美式说法,英式多说 carer |
| breadwinner | /ˈbredwɪnər/ | n. 养家糊口的人 | the sole breadwinner 唯一的经济支柱;例句:When she lost her job, her husband became the sole breadwinner. 她失业后,丈夫成了家里唯一的经济支柱。 | bread(生计)+ winner:赢回面包的人 |
| custody | /ˈkʌstədi/ | n. 监护权;羁押;保管 | custody of the children 子女监护权;be taken into custody 被拘留;例句:The court awarded custody to the mother. 法院将监护权判给了母亲。 | 双义高频:家庭法"监护权"/执法"羁押"(in custody) |
| guardianship | /ˈɡɑːrdiənʃɪp/ | n. 监护 | legal guardianship 法定监护;例句:The grandparents sought guardianship of the orphaned girl. 祖父母寻求对这个孤儿的监护权。 | guardian(监护人)+ -ship;guard(守卫)衍生 |
| alimony | /ˈælɪmoʊni/ | n. (离婚后)赡养费 | pay alimony 支付赡养费;例句:He pays alimony to a former spouse. 他给前妻付赡养费。 | alim(营养,同 alimentary):给前配偶的"生活费";法律阅读见 |
| marital | /ˈmærɪtl/ | adj. 婚姻的 | marital status 婚姻状况;marital problems 婚姻问题;例句:Forms now include "partnership" as a marital status. 表格的婚姻状况一栏如今新增了"伴侣关系"。 | marriage 的形容词;与 martial(军事的)一字母之差,切勿混淆 |
| prenuptial | /ˌpriːˈnʌpʃl/ | adj. 婚前的 | a prenuptial agreement 婚前协议;例句:More couples sign prenuptial agreements before marrying. 更多情侣婚前签署婚前协议。 | pre-(前)+ nuptial(婚礼的);nuptials 名词"婚礼" |
| bachelor | /ˈbætʃələr/ | n. 单身汉;学士 | a bachelor's degree 学士学位;remain a bachelor 保持单身;例句:He earned a bachelor's degree in engineering. 他获得了工程学学士学位。 | 双义高频:"单身汉"/"学士"(B.S./B.A.) |
| chore | /tʃɔːr/ | n. 家务;杂活 | do household chores 做家务;例句:Children should share household chores. 孩子们应该分担家务。 | 与 choir(合唱团)形近;"繁重的例行工作"义引申常见 |
| rebellious | /rɪˈbeljəs/ | adj. 叛逆的;反叛的 | a rebellious teenager 叛逆期的少年;rebellious provinces 反叛的省份;例句:He was a rebellious teenager who often skipped classes. 他是个常逃课的叛逆少年。 | rebel(反叛)+ -ious;青少年话题高频 |
| filial | /ˈfɪliəl/ | adj. 子女的 | filial piety 孝道;filial duty 子女义务;例句:Filial piety remains a core value in many Asian societies. 孝道在许多亚洲社会仍是核心价值观。 | 源自拉丁语 filius(儿子);filial piety(孝)为文化话题高频术语 |
| millennial | /mɪˈleniəl/ | n. 千禧一代 adj. 千年的 | millennial voters 千禧一代选民;例句:Millennials value flexibility over job titles. 千禧一代看重灵活性而非头衔。 | millennium(千年)衍生;与 baby boomer、Generation Z 并称代际标签 |
| domestic | /dəˈmestɪk/ | adj. 家庭的;国内的;驯养的 | domestic violence 家庭暴力;domestic demand 国内需求;例句:The airline serves both domestic and international routes. 这家航空公司经营国内和国际航线。 | dom(屋,同 domicile):屋里的→家庭的→国内的;双义皆为高频 |