Unit27 家庭与代际

  • 所属:高频核心词 · 词汇库导览
  • 话题:家庭与代际——考研阅读家庭类文章(代际关系、育儿方式、老龄化与照护、家庭结构变迁)的骨架词。婚姻、代沟等社会结构词见 Unit05-社会与文化,foster(培养)见 Unit11-高频动词与搭配,依恋等情感心理词见 Unit22-情感与性格
  • 学法:先通读词表划掉已熟词;重点记"搭配与例句"列;学完做文末自测,按 导览 的 1/2/4/7/15 天周期复习
  • 音标为美式 IPA;例句均为本站自编

词表(50 词)

单词音标词性与核心释义搭配与例句记忆点
sibling/ˈsɪblɪŋ/n. 兄弟姐妹sibling rivalry 手足竞争;an only child with no siblings 没有兄弟姐妹的独生子;例句:Sibling rivalry is common in families with young children. 手足竞争在有幼儿的家庭中很常见。sib(亲属)+ -ling(小):brother/sister 的中性学术词,社科阅读标准用词
spouse/spaʊs/n. 配偶a surviving spouse 未亡配偶;survivor benefits for spouses 配偶遗属抚恤金;例句:The policy covers the employee's spouse and children. 该政策覆盖员工的配偶和子女。husband or wife 的中性总称;重音同 house
household/ˈhaʊshoʊld/n. 一家人;家庭 adj. 家用的a dual-income household 双职工家庭;household chores 家务;例句:The average household now spends more on services than goods. 如今普通家庭在服务上的支出已超过商品。house + hold(维持):维持一所房子的人;a household name 家喻户晓的名字
upbringing/ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/n. 抚养;教养a strict upbringing 严格的教养;a privileged upbringing 优渥的成长环境;例句:Her upbringing shaped her attitude toward money. 她的成长经历塑造了她对金钱的态度。bring up(抚养)的名词化:动词短语倒装合成名词
widow/ˈwɪdoʊ/n. 遗孀 v. 使丧偶a war widow 战争遗孀;例句:The pension goes to the widow after the retiree dies. 退休者去世后抚恤金归其遗孀。对应 widower(鳏夫);动词僻义"使丧偶、夺去"
widower/ˈwɪdoʊər/n. 鳏夫例句:The widower moved in with his daughter's family. 这位鳏夫搬去和女儿一家同住。widow + -er(男性):阴性阳性成对记忆
orphan/ˈɔːrfn/n. 孤儿 v. 使成为孤儿children orphaned by the epidemic 因疫病失去父母的孩子;例句:She was orphaned at the age of six. 她六岁时就成了孤儿。拼写注意 -ph-;orphanage 孤儿院
adoption/əˈdɑːpʃn/n. 收养;采纳put a child up for adoption 将孩子送去收养;the adoption of new technology 新技术的采用;例句:The adoption process can take years. 收养流程可能耗时数年。双义高频:"收养"与"采纳(政策/技术)"
adopt/əˈdɑːpt/v. 收养;采取;正式通过adopt a child 收养孩子;adopt a policy 采取某政策;例句:The committee adopted the proposal unanimously. 委员会一致通过了该提案。ad-(朝向)+ opt(选择):选过来→采纳;与 adapt(适应)一字母之差
adolescent/ˌædəˈlesnt/n. 青少年 adj. 青春期的adolescent behavior 青春期行为;例句:Adolescents are highly sensitive to peer approval. 青少年对同伴的认可极为敏感。ad-(向)+ osc(成长,同 adult):正在长大的人;重音在第三音节
adolescence/ˌædəˈlesns/n. 青春期pass through adolescence 度过青春期;例句:The brain continues to develop throughout adolescence. 大脑在整个青春期持续发育。adolescent 的名词;与 adulthood 对举
teenager/ˈtiːneɪdʒər/n. (13-19 岁)青少年a moody teenager 叛逆期的少年;例句:Most teenagers sleep with their phones within reach. 大多数青少年睡觉时手机就放在手边。thirteen 到 nineteen 都以 -teen 结尾→teenager
toddler/ˈtɑːdlər/n. 学步幼儿a toddler group 学步儿游戏组;例句:Toddlers learn new words at an astonishing rate. 学步幼儿学新词的速度惊人。toddle(蹒跚学步)+ -er;-er 表"反复做某动作的人"
infant/ˈɪnfənt/n. 婴儿 adj. 初期的infant mortality 婴儿死亡率;an infant industry 新兴产业;例句:The clinic monitors the health of infants. 该诊所跟踪婴儿的健康状况。in-(不)+ fant(说话):还不会说话的人;"新兴产业"僻义为经济阅读高频
infancy/ˈɪnfənsi/n. 婴儿期;(事物)初期in its infancy 处于萌芽阶段;例句:Electric aviation is still in its infancy. 电动航空仍处于起步阶段。in its infancy 固定表达:"尚在襁褓之中"
childhood/ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/n. 童年early childhood education 幼儿教育;a happy childhood 快乐的童年;例句:She spent her childhood in a coastal town. 她在海滨小镇度过童年。-hood(时期,同 adulthood):人生阶段后缀
adulthood/əˈdʌlthʊd/n. 成年reach adulthood 步入成年;throughout adulthood 整个成年期;例句:Habits formed in childhood often persist into adulthood. 童年养成的习惯常常延续到成年。adult + -hood;from childhood to adulthood 阅读常见时间跨度表达
newborn/ˈnuːbɔːrn/n. 新生儿 adj. 新生的newborn babies 新生儿;例句:The ward cares for premature newborns. 该病区护理早产新生儿。newly born 的合成;premature newborn 早产儿
pregnancy/ˈpreɡnənsi/n. 怀孕;孕期an unplanned pregnancy 意外怀孕;during pregnancy 孕期;例句:Smoking during pregnancy harms the fetus. 孕期吸烟会伤害胎儿。pregnant 的名词;teenage pregnancy 青少年怀孕(社会话题高频)
pregnant/ˈpreɡnənt/adj. 怀孕的;充满的pregnant women 孕妇;be pregnant with possibilities 孕育着种种可能;例句:Pregnant employees are entitled to paid leave. 怀孕员工有权享受带薪假。pre-(前)+ gn(生育,同 gene):孕育之中的;僻义"充满(预示)"
maternity/məˈtɜːrnəti/n. 母性;产科 adj. 产妇的maternity leave 产假;a maternity ward 产科病房;例句:The firm offers six months of paid maternity leave. 公司提供六个月带薪产假。matern(母,同 maternal)+ -ity;与 paternity leave(陪产假)成对
paternity/pəˈtɜːrnəti/n. 父亲身份;父系paternity leave 陪产假;a paternity test 亲子鉴定;例句:New fathers are taking paternity leave more often. 初为人父者休陪产假的情况更普遍了。patern(父,同 paternal)+ -ity;与 maternity 成对记忆
maternal/məˈtɜːrnl/adj. 母亲的;母系的maternal grandparents 外祖父母;maternal instincts 母性本能;例句:Her maternal grandparents live in the countryside. 她的外祖父母住在乡下。mater(母亲,拉丁语)+ -al;"母系的"指母亲一方的亲属
paternal/pəˈtɜːrnl/adj. 父亲的;父系的paternal care 父亲的照护;paternal grandparents 祖父母;例句:Paternal involvement improves children's outcomes. 父亲的参与改善孩子的成长结果。pater(父亲,拉丁语)+ -al;maternal/paternal 成对,家庭研究类文章必备
parenting/ˈperəntɪŋ/n. 养育;育儿parenting styles 养育方式;authoritative parenting 权威型教养;例句:Good parenting is more about consistency than control. 好的养育贵在始终如一而非控制。parent + -ing:动名词转化的名词;parenting style 为心理学阅读高频
nurture/ˈnɜːrtʃər/v. 养育;培养 n. 养育nurture talent 培养人才;nature versus nurture 先天与后天;例句:Teachers nurture curiosity as much as knowledge. 老师培养好奇心与传授知识并重。nature vs nurture(先天 vs 后天)为经典心理学议题;与 nurse 同源
offspring/ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/n. 子女;后代caring for one's offspring 抚育后代;例句:These birds feed their offspring for weeks after hatching. 这些鸟在雏鸟孵化后还要喂食数周。off(离开)+ spring(跳跃):从母体"跳出来"的;单复数同形
heir/er/n. 继承人the heir to the throne 王位继承人;例句:The eldest son is the heir to the estate. 长子是这笔遗产的继承人。h 不发音(同 honest);heir apparent(法定继承人)为固定表达
inheritance/ɪnˈherɪtəns/n. 遗产;继承;遗传特征an inheritance tax 遗产税;genetic inheritance 基因遗传;例句:She used part of her inheritance to start a bakery. 她用一部分遗产开了一家面包店。inherit(继承)+ -ance;"遗传"义为生物阅读高频
legacy/ˈleɡəsi/n. 遗产;遗留影响a lasting legacy 持久的影响;the legacy of colonialism 殖民主义遗留问题;例句:The Games left the city a legacy of new stadiums. 奥运会给这座城市留下了新体育场的遗产。源自 legare(托付),与 legal 无关;阅读中多指"历史遗留(问题)"
cousin/ˈkʌzn/n. 堂/表兄弟姐妹a distant cousin 远房表亲;例句:She spent the summer with her cousins in the south. 她和表兄弟姐妹们在南方过了夏天。涵盖堂表两系,比中文"表哥/堂妹"笼统;first cousin 亲堂/表亲
nephew/ˈnefjuː/n. 侄子;外甥例句:He treats his nephews to ice cream on every visit. 每次到访他都请侄子们吃冰淇淋。与 niece(侄女/外甥女)成对;拼写注意 -ph-
niece/niːs/n. 侄女;外甥女例句:Her niece just started kindergarten. 她的侄女刚上幼儿园。与 nephew 成对记忆,一男一女
grandparent/ˈɡrænperənt/n. 祖父母/外祖父母be raised by grandparents 由祖辈抚养;例句:Many grandparents provide free childcare. 许多祖父母免费照看孙辈。grand-(辈分上移)+ parent;grandchild 孙辈
in-laws/ˈɪnlɔːz/n. 姻亲get along with one's in-laws 与姻亲处好关系;例句:They spent the holiday with their in-laws. 他们和姻亲们一起过节。in-law(法律上的亲属):婚姻结成的亲属;mother-in-law 婆婆/岳母
extended/ɪkˈstendɪd/adj. 扩大的;延伸的an extended family 数代同堂的大家庭;extended discussions 长时间的讨论;例句:The festival brings together the extended family. 节日把大家庭成员聚到一起。extend 的分词形容词;extended family 与 nuclear family 对举
elderly/ˈeldərli/adj. 上了年纪的the elderly 老年人;elderly care 养老照护;例句:The elderly are more vulnerable to heat waves. 老年人更易受热浪伤害。the + adj. 表群体;比 old 更礼貌,为新闻标准用词
caregiver/ˈkerɡɪvər/n. 照护者family caregivers 家庭照护者;例句:Millions of unpaid caregivers support aging parents. 数以百万计的无偿照护者在赡养年迈父母。care + give + -er(者);美式说法,英式多说 carer
breadwinner/ˈbredwɪnər/n. 养家糊口的人the sole breadwinner 唯一的经济支柱;例句:When she lost her job, her husband became the sole breadwinner. 她失业后,丈夫成了家里唯一的经济支柱。bread(生计)+ winner:赢回面包的人
custody/ˈkʌstədi/n. 监护权;羁押;保管custody of the children 子女监护权;be taken into custody 被拘留;例句:The court awarded custody to the mother. 法院将监护权判给了母亲。双义高频:家庭法"监护权"/执法"羁押"(in custody)
guardianship/ˈɡɑːrdiənʃɪp/n. 监护legal guardianship 法定监护;例句:The grandparents sought guardianship of the orphaned girl. 祖父母寻求对这个孤儿的监护权。guardian(监护人)+ -ship;guard(守卫)衍生
alimony/ˈælɪmoʊni/n. (离婚后)赡养费pay alimony 支付赡养费;例句:He pays alimony to a former spouse. 他给前妻付赡养费。alim(营养,同 alimentary):给前配偶的"生活费";法律阅读见
marital/ˈmærɪtl/adj. 婚姻的marital status 婚姻状况;marital problems 婚姻问题;例句:Forms now include "partnership" as a marital status. 表格的婚姻状况一栏如今新增了"伴侣关系"。marriage 的形容词;与 martial(军事的)一字母之差,切勿混淆
prenuptial/ˌpriːˈnʌpʃl/adj. 婚前的a prenuptial agreement 婚前协议;例句:More couples sign prenuptial agreements before marrying. 更多情侣婚前签署婚前协议。pre-(前)+ nuptial(婚礼的);nuptials 名词"婚礼"
bachelor/ˈbætʃələr/n. 单身汉;学士a bachelor's degree 学士学位;remain a bachelor 保持单身;例句:He earned a bachelor's degree in engineering. 他获得了工程学学士学位。双义高频:"单身汉"/"学士"(B.S./B.A.)
chore/tʃɔːr/n. 家务;杂活do household chores 做家务;例句:Children should share household chores. 孩子们应该分担家务。与 choir(合唱团)形近;"繁重的例行工作"义引申常见
rebellious/rɪˈbeljəs/adj. 叛逆的;反叛的a rebellious teenager 叛逆期的少年;rebellious provinces 反叛的省份;例句:He was a rebellious teenager who often skipped classes. 他是个常逃课的叛逆少年。rebel(反叛)+ -ious;青少年话题高频
filial/ˈfɪliəl/adj. 子女的filial piety 孝道;filial duty 子女义务;例句:Filial piety remains a core value in many Asian societies. 孝道在许多亚洲社会仍是核心价值观。源自拉丁语 filius(儿子);filial piety(孝)为文化话题高频术语
millennial/mɪˈleniəl/n. 千禧一代 adj. 千年的millennial voters 千禧一代选民;例句:Millennials value flexibility over job titles. 千禧一代看重灵活性而非头衔。millennium(千年)衍生;与 baby boomer、Generation Z 并称代际标签
domestic/dəˈmestɪk/adj. 家庭的;国内的;驯养的domestic violence 家庭暴力;domestic demand 国内需求;例句:The airline serves both domestic and international routes. 这家航空公司经营国内和国际航线。dom(屋,同 domicile):屋里的→家庭的→国内的;双义皆为高频

本单元自测(10 题,模拟题)

第 1-4 题:写出下列搭配的中文意思

  1. sibling rivalry between the two boys
  2. award custody of the children to the mother
  3. the sole breadwinner of the household
  4. an industry still in its infancy

第 5-7 题:选词填空(upbringing / offspring / adolescent,注意正确形式)

  1. His strict ______ shaped his attitude toward authority.
  2. These birds feed their ______ for weeks after hatching.
  3. ______ are highly sensitive to peer approval.

第 8 题:介词/副词填空

  1. The 29-year-old prince is the heir ______ the throne.

第 9-10 题:汉译英(用本单元词汇)

  1. 研究显示,手足之间的早期竞争可能持续影响成年后的关系。(sibling / rivalry / adulthood)
  2. 越来越多的父亲休陪产假,与母亲一起照顾新生儿。(paternity leave / newborn)
点击展开答案与简析
  1. 两个男孩之间的手足竞争。【考点:名词搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:sibling 是 brother/sister 的中性学术词,rivalry 意为"竞争、对抗"】
  2. 把子女监护权判给母亲。【考点:法律词汇;难度:中;错因提醒:custody 此处为"监护权",award custody to sb 为法律固定表达;另一义"羁押"(in custody)勿混】
  3. 家里唯一的经济支柱。【考点:名词搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:breadwinner"养家糊口的人",源自"赢回面包的人";sole 表"唯一的"】
  4. 一个仍处于起步阶段的行业。【考点:习语;难度:中;错因提醒:in its infancy 字面"在襁褓中",喻指"初期、萌芽阶段",勿直译为"婴儿期"】
  5. upbringing。【考点:名词辨义;难度:低;错因提醒:strict(严格的)提示"教养",bring up(抚养)的名词形式】
  6. offspring。【考点:名词辨义;难度:低;错因提醒:hatching(孵化)锁定"雏鸟/后代";offspring 单复数同形,此处用原形】
  7. Adolescents。【考点:名词辨义与主谓一致;难度:中;错因提醒:are 提示主语用复数;adolescent 比 teenager 更正式,泛指青春期人群】
  8. to。【考点:介词搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:the heir to the throne(王位继承人)用 to;heir 的 h 不发音】
  9. Studies suggest that early sibling rivalry may continue to affect relationships in adulthood.【考点:汉译英+名词搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:"手足竞争"用 sibling rivalry;"成年后"用 in adulthood,勿写 in the adulthood】
  10. More and more fathers take paternity leave to help care for the newborn.【考点:汉译英+固定搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:paternity leave(陪产假)与 maternity leave(产假)区分;newborn 作名词"新生儿",care for"照料"】