#英语综合测（一）

• 定位：学完词汇、长难句、阅读、完形、翻译、写作六个板块一轮之后的科目级混合检验——检验跨板块调用能力：完形里考词汇与逻辑衔接、阅读里考长难句定位、翻译里考拆解输出、写作考整体组织，一卷打通六个板块
• 结构：A 完形 1 篇 15 空（每空 0.5 分，共 7.5 分）+ B 阅读理解 2 篇各 4 题（每题 2 分，共 16 分）+ C 翻译 2 段（每段 5 分，共 10 分）+ D 写作 1 题（20 分），满分 53.5 分；建议计时 105 分钟（完形 15 / 阅读 32 / 翻译 18 / 写作 40）
• 板块对应：词汇见 词汇策略与分层记忆、句法基础见 长难句拆解、阅读方法见 阅读理解题型与解题框架、写作见 写作框架与素材库、完形见 完形填空、翻译见 翻译
• 要求：全部文章与题目为模拟题（真题风格自编，不与任何真题原文重合）。答案与解析在文档末尾，做完再对
• 考后动作：错题登记进 00-错题本——完形错因标签"词义/逻辑/搭配"，阅读错因标签"定位/推理/词义/主旨"，翻译按采分点自评失分句型，写作对照框架自评段落功能缺失项

#A 部分：完形填空（15 空）

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank.

Habits are the brain's way of 1 effort. When a behavior is repeated in a stable context, the mental work it demands drops sharply: what once required 2 attention becomes nearly automatic. Psychologists describe this as a shift from goal-directed control, in which outcomes are constantly 3, to habitual control, in which cues in the environment 4 the behavior directly.

The transition has a price. Once a habit is 5 in place, it survives even when its original purpose disappears. A person who once checked a phone for urgent messages may keep 6 it hours after anything urgent has stopped arriving. The behavior is no longer 7 by its consequences; it is triggered by the situation itself.

That is 8 context matters so much in habit change. Interrupt the cue and the habit loses its 9; keep the cue and willpower alone rarely 10. Studies of people who move house, 11, find that their habits—good and bad alike—are unusually changeable, because the old cues have been 12 away.

The practical lesson is not to fight habits with determination but to 13 them: attach a desired behavior to an existing cue, keep the 14 small at first, and let repetition do the rest. Behavior change, in this view, is less a 15 of character than a matter of design.

第 1-5 题

1. A. wasting　B. saving　C. paying　D. spending
2. A. delicate　B. desperate　C. deliberate　D. detached
3. A. neglected　B. suspended　C. exaggerated　D. monitored
4. A. forbid　B. justify　C. trigger　D. postpone
5. A. loosely　B. firmly　C. rarely　D. randomly

第 6-10 题

6. A. to check　B. checked　C. check　D. checking
7. A. rewarded　B. convinced　C. driven　D. measured
8. A. when　B. why　C. how　D. whether
9. A. grip　B. shape　C. pace　D. value
10. A. fails　B. works　C. counts　D. differs

第 11-15 题

11. A. in addition　B. by contrast　C. for instance　D. as a result
12. A. taken　B. put　C. broken　D. swept
13. A. resist　B. ignore　C. redesign　D. recall
14. A. changes　B. rewards　C. goals　D. risks
15. A. virtue　B. matter　C. product　D. crisis

#B 部分：阅读理解（2 篇，各 4 题）

#Text 1（主题：人工智能的可解释性）

In 2018, researchers at a major hospital showed that a deep-learning system could diagnose certain eye diseases from retinal scans as accurately as senior specialists. The system was never asked to explain itself, and it never did. Its judgments emerged from millions of tuned parameters, none of which carries meaning on its own. For the doctors who used it, this silence was not a technical detail but a practical problem: a diagnosis they cannot interrogate is a diagnosis they cannot fully trust.

The field has since produced "explainability" tools that highlight the parts of an image that most influenced a model's decision. These heat maps are popular and easy to read, but critics warn that they may explain nothing at all. A map can show where a model looked without showing what it saw; more importantly, different tools applied to the same model often produce conflicting maps, which suggests that at least one of them is describing the model inaccurately.

The deeper difficulty is conceptual. Human explanations are selective: a doctor justifies a diagnosis by citing a few decisive features, not by replaying the full neural computation that produced it. We accept this selectivity because we share assumptions about what counts as a good reason. Machines do not participate in that shared culture, so an "explanation" generated to satisfy us may be less a report of the model's actual reasoning than a plausible story shaped for human consumption.

None of this argues against using such systems. In many settings, a well-tested model deserves trust even if it cannot explain itself—airline autopilots have earned decades of confidence without offering passengers any reasons. But the appropriate response to an unexplainable system is validation: extensive trials, continuous monitoring, and honest disclosure of failure rates. Trust, in other words, can rest on evidence about performance rather than on access to reasoning. What it cannot rest on is the comforting but unearned feeling that a colorful map has let us see inside the machine.

16. According to Paragraph 1, the doctors' problem with the eye-disease system was that ______

A. its accuracy fell short of that of senior specialists B. it could not answer questions about its own judgments C. it demanded far more data per scan than expected D. its parameters were too few to be properly tuned

17. Critics' main concern about the heat-map tools (Paragraph 2) is that ______

A. they are too difficult for doctors to read B. they are rarely applied to the same model twice C. they may misrepresent the model's actual behavior D. they highlight image regions that did not influence the decision

18. The author suggests that a machine-generated "explanation" may become "a plausible story" (Paragraph 3) because ______

A. machines do not share humans' assumptions about what counts as a good reason B. machines deliberately hide their reasoning from human users C. human doctors refuse to accept reasons offered by machines D. neural computation cannot be described in mathematical language

19. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?

A. Explainability tools have made medical AI fully trustworthy. B. Unexplainable systems should be withdrawn from clinical use. C. Trust in opaque systems should rest on tested performance rather than the illusion of explanation. D. Heat maps will eventually replace clinical trials as evidence of safety.

#Text 2（主题：四天工作制试验）

The results of the world's largest trial of a four-day working week were published recently: across sixty-one companies, most kept the shorter schedule after the trial ended, and average revenue held steady. Enthusiasts declared the debate settled. It is not.

The trial's design limits what it can tell us. Companies joined voluntarily, which means the sample was weighted toward employers already sympathetic to the idea—firms confident that their work could be compressed. Sectors where output is tied directly to hours, such as hospitals and factories, are largely absent. And a six-month window cannot reveal effects that mature slowly: careers built on visibility, the slow accumulation of mentoring, the maintenance of client relationships that depend on presence.

There is also a distributional question the headlines ignored. When office workers compress five days into four, someone still must cover the shifts that no longer fit. The burden tends to land on those with the least bargaining power—part-timers, junior staff, contractors—while the flexibility dividend flows to those already well positioned. A reform advertised as universal may quietly widen gaps.

None of this makes the four-day week a bad idea. The honest conclusion is narrower: in some kinds of work, for some workers, a compressed schedule can hold output constant while improving well-being, at least over the short term. Whether that finding travels beyond motivated volunteers and knowledge-work offices is exactly what better experiments must now test. Treating a promising but limited trial as a verdict does not accelerate reform; it only makes the eventual disappointment louder.

20. One limitation of the trial mentioned in Paragraph 2 is that ______

A. participating companies had chosen to join the trial B. the trial lasted only sixty-one weeks in total C. average revenue declined during the trial period D. hospitals were forced to cut their working hours

21. The "effects that mature slowly" (Paragraph 2) refer to things such as ______

A. quarterly fluctuations in company revenue B. careers and client relationships built on continued presence C. immediate gains in employee satisfaction D. extra shifts covered by part-time workers

22. The "distributional question" (Paragraph 3) implies that the compressed schedule ______

A. benefits all workers equally across sectors B. shifts its costs onto workers with the least bargaining power C. mainly helps part-timers, junior staff and contractors D. removes the need for shift coverage altogether

23. The author's attitude toward the four-day week trial's findings is one of ______

A. firm opposition　　B. unqualified enthusiasm C. cautious reservation pending broader evidence　　D. complete indifference

#C 部分：翻译（2 段，英译汉）

Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

第 46 段

The technologies that will shape the next decade are being built now, often by people who assume that their effects can be sorted out later. History suggests otherwise. Every major technology, from the printing press to the automobile, reshaped society in ways its inventors neither intended nor foresaw; what distinguished successful adaptations was not cleverer machines but faster social learning.

第 47 段

Sleep is not a passive shutdown but an active maintenance cycle. During deep sleep, the brain clears metabolic waste that accumulates during waking hours; during rapid-eye-movement sleep, it appears to replay and reorganize the day's experiences, strengthening some memories and discarding others. A chronic shortage of sleep, therefore, is less like an inconvenience than like skipping maintenance on a machine that runs twenty-four hours a day.

#D 部分：写作（1 题）

第 48 题（图画作文，160-200 词）

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

1. describe the picture briefly,
2. interpret its intended meaning, and
3. give your comments.

图画内容（文字描述）：一位年轻人站在两条岔路口前。左边的路标写着"捷径"，路上看似平坦但通向迷雾；右边的路标写着"积累"，路口立着一块小牌子"日拱一卒"，道路蜿蜒但远处可见山顶。年轻人背包上写着"备考"。

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 分）

#答案与解析

#A 部分：完形填空

答案速查：1-5: B C D C B ｜ 6-10: D C B A B ｜ 11-15: C D C A B

逐空解析（线索 → 答案）：

• 1. B saving：首句主旨句——习惯是大脑"节省"努力的方式，saving effort 固定搭配；wasting（浪费）与下文"脑力需求骤降"的积极叙述矛盾
• 2. C deliberate：deliberate attention"刻意注意"，与 automatic"自动"形成对照；delicate（精致）、desperate（绝望）、detached（超然）均为形近干扰
• 3. D monitored：goal-directed control 中结果被持续"监测"；上文 constantly 提示观察类动词，neglected/suspended 与"目标导向"矛盾
• 4. C trigger：habitual control 中环境线索"直接触发"行为；trigger 是习惯回路（cue → routine）的标准动词，呼应第三段 trigger 的原词复现
• 5. B firmly：firmly in place"牢牢确立"，修饰状态稳固；loosely/rarely/randomly 都与"习惯存续"的语义相反
• 6. D checking：keep + 动名词"持续做某事"，keep checking it；keep to check 是语法干扰项，keep 后不接不定式
• 7. C driven：be driven by its consequences"由后果驱动"，与下文 triggered by the situation 形成平行结构；rewarded 语义可通但不如 driven 与 control 语境契合（行为主义的标准表述是 consequence-driven）
• 8. B why：That is why...承接上段结论、引出原因段，是议论文承上启下的惯用句；上段讲"习惯由情境触发"，本段讲"情境为何重要"，因果衔接
• 9. A grip：lose its grip"失去控制力"，习惯对人的"抓力"；shape（形状）、pace（节奏）、value（价值）都不与 lose 搭配出此意
• 10. B works：willpower alone rarely works"单靠意志力很少奏效"；与上半句 Interrupt the cue（有效）构成对照，works 取"起作用"义
• 11. C for instance：前句是一般论断（打断线索则习惯松动），后句是搬家者的研究实例，插入语表"举例"；in addition（递进）、by contrast（对比）、as a result（因果）均不合
• 12. D swept：swept away"被清除"，旧线索随搬家被"扫除"；taken away（被带走）语义弱，broken away 不及物用法错误
• 13. C redesign：not to fight...but to redesign them"不是对抗而是重新设计"，呼应末句 a matter of design 的原词复现（design ↔ redesign）
• 14. A changes：keep the changes small at first"起初把改变幅度控制在小的范围"，与后文 let repetition do the rest（让重复逐步加码）衔接；rewards/goals/risks 与"从小做起"的逻辑不符
• 15. B matter：less a matter of character than a matter of design"与其说是品格问题，不如说是设计问题"，a matter of 为固定搭配，且与句末 design 呼应

A 部分考点提示：线索题（3/4/7/8/11/13）依赖上下文逻辑而非单句词义，做完后应能把每空的"定位句"指出来；搭配与语法题（1/5/6/9/10/15）回查 词汇策略与分层记忆 的顽固词清单与 完形填空 的解题流程。

#B 部分：阅读理解

答案速查：16-19: B C A C ｜ 20-23: A B B C

Text 1 解析

• 16. B（细节题，易）：定位第一段末句"a diagnosis they cannot interrogate is a diagnosis they cannot fully trust"——系统沉默（never explain itself）即无法被质询，B 是同义改写。A 与首句"as accurately as senior specialists"直接矛盾；C、D 无中生有
• 17. C（细节题，中）：定位第二段末句"conflicting maps...at least one of them is describing the model inaccurately"——不同工具结论冲突说明至少有一个失真，C"可能歪曲模型实际行为"正确。A 与"easy to read"矛盾；B 曲解"different tools applied to the same model"；D 与"parts that most influenced"矛盾
• 18. A（细节因果题，中偏难）：定位第三段"We accept this selectivity because we share assumptions...Machines do not participate in that shared culture"——机器不共享"何为好理由"的共识，故为人生成的解释更像迎合人的故事，A 正确。B"故意隐藏"无中生有；C 概念倒置；D 过度推断（不可复述 ≠ 不可数学描述）
• 19. C（主旨题，中）：全文脉络：不可解释引发信任问题 → 解释工具不可靠 → 深层困难在共识缺失 → 出路是以性能验证（validation、evidence about performance）建立信任、警惕彩色热图的"虚假透视感"，C 概括完整。A 与文中 warns/illusion 相反；B 与"None of this argues against using such systems"矛盾；D 无中生有

Text 2 解析

• 20. A（细节题，中）：定位第二段"Companies joined voluntarily, which means the sample was weighted toward employers already sympathetic"——自愿参加导致样本偏向，A 正确。B 是数字陷阱（sixty-one 是公司数、six-month 是时长）；C 与"revenue held steady"（首段）矛盾；D 与"hospitals...largely absent"矛盾
• 21. B（词义语境题，中）：定位冒号后列举"careers built on visibility, the slow accumulation of mentoring, the maintenance of client relationships that depend on presence"——都是"依赖在场、缓慢积累"的长期效应，B 概括正确。A 是短期波动；C 是即时效应；D 是第三段内容且非"缓慢成熟"
• 22. B（推理题，中）：定位第三段"The burden tends to land on those with the least bargaining power...while the flexibility dividend flows to those already well positioned"——成本落到议价能力最弱者身上，B 正确。C 恰好反向（他们是承担负担者而非受益者）；A 与"quietly widen gaps"矛盾；D 与"someone still must cover the shifts"矛盾
• 23. C（态度题，中）：全文态度词链：It is not（反驳"辩论已结束"）、limits what it can tell us、The honest conclusion is narrower、Treating...as a verdict does not accelerate reform——承认价值但坚持需要更广证据，C"谨慎保留、待更充分证据"正确。作者并非反对（排除 A），也非热情支持（排除 B），更非漠不关心（文章通篇在认真评估，排除 D）

B 部分方法提示：四类题型（细节/因果/主旨/态度）的定位与选项排除流程见 阅读理解题型与解题框架；Text 1 第三段首句"less a report...than a plausible story"与完形 15 空同款比较结构，长难句拆解见 长难句拆解。

#C 部分：翻译参考译文与采分点

第 46 段参考译文：将塑造下一个十年的技术此刻正在被建造，而建造它们的人往往以为其影响可以日后再解决。历史给出的答案恰恰相反。从印刷机到汽车，每一项重大技术都以发明者既无意造成也未预见的方式重塑了社会；真正让成功的适应区别于失败的，不是更聪明的机器，而是更快的社会学习。

• 采分点 1：are being built now——现在进行时被动语态，译"正在被建造/打造"
• 采分点 2：often by people who assume that...——多重嵌套定语从句，people 的修饰需前置或拆句（方法见 长难句拆解）
• 采分点 3：in ways its inventors neither intended nor foresaw——way 后省略 that/in which 的定语从句，neither...nor 译"既不……也不……"
• 采分点 4：what distinguished successful adaptations was not...but...——what 引导主语从句 + not...but... 并列否定，语序调整见 翻译

第 47 段参考译文：睡眠不是被动的关机，而是一个主动的维护周期。深睡期间，大脑清除清醒时累积的代谢废物；快速眼动睡眠期间，大脑似乎会重放并重组当天的经历，强化某些记忆、丢弃另一些。因此，长期睡眠不足与其说是一种不便，不如说像是让一台全天候运转的机器跳过了保养。

• 采分点 1：not a passive shutdown but an active maintenance cycle——not...but 并列名词短语，对应关系要译齐
• 采分点 2：分号连接的两个并列复杂句，各自含 that/when 从句，需断句处理
• 采分点 3：less like an inconvenience than like skipping maintenance——less...than 比较结构译"与其说……不如说……"，与阅读 Text 1 第 18 题原句结构同源
• 采分点 4：runs twenty-four hours a day 后置定语从句（that runs...），修饰 machine

C 部分评分提示：每段 5 分，按句给分——结构错误（从句关系错认）扣分最重，词汇次之；漏译分号并列结构与 not...but / less...than 关系词是本部分两大失分点。

#D 部分：写作参考框架

审题：图画对比型（捷径 vs 积累）——考"过程与结果""快与慢"的辩证关系，立意方向：真正的效率来自持续积累，捷径的诱惑在于低估时间复利。

参考框架（三段式，详见 写作框架与素材库）：

• 第一段（描述，约 40 词）：As is vividly depicted in the picture, a young man stands at a fork in the road... 左"捷径"通向迷雾，右"积累"立着"日拱一卒"（one small step a day）的牌子，远处可见山顶。结尾一句点出对比：the apparent ease of the shortcut stands in sharp contrast with the winding yet promising path of accumulation
• 第二段（阐释寓意，约 80 词）：The picture conveys a simple truth: sustainable achievement is built on daily accumulation rather than the pursuit of shortcuts。展开两点：一是复利逻辑——small, consistent efforts compound over time；二是捷径的风险——shortcuts obscure the fog of uncertainty 并让人跳过必要的基础训练。可举例学习/备考本身
• 第三段（评论建议，约 40 词）：Therefore, we would be wise to embrace the slower path... 用 may/might 表建议，收尾呼应图画

常见失分自查：三段功能是否齐全（缺"阐释寓意"段直接降档）；是否只描述不评论；句式是否有至少一处从句嵌套与一处并列结构；词汇是否重复使用 shortcut/good 等基础词而无替换。

#计分与测后统计（自填）

错题逐条回写 00-错题本；完形错题词与阅读定位错句进入次日顽固清单。跨板块诊断：完形错在逻辑衔接（3/7/8/11/13）而阅读主旨题也错，说明篇章结构意识不足，回读 阅读理解题型与解题框架 的"段落功能分析"节；翻译里 less...than/not...but 类结构与阅读 Text 1 若同时失分，回读 长难句拆解 的比较结构专题。