Unit03 经济与商业

  • 所属:高频核心词 · 词汇库导览
  • 话题:经济与商业——考研阅读经济类文章(宏观政策、企业经营、市场分析)的骨架词。这类文章主线是"繁荣与衰退 → 政策干预 → 利益分配",本单元词覆盖描述这条主线所需的全部核心名词与动词
  • 学法:按"宏观周期 / 政策工具 / 企业经营 / 市场行为"四个语义簇成串记忆(记忆点列已标簇别);注意 contract、impose 等词的熟词僻义;学完做文末自测,按 1/2/4/7/15 天周期复习
  • 音标为美式 IPA;例句均为本站自编

词表(50 词)

单词音标词性与核心释义搭配与例句记忆点
recession/rɪˈseʃn/n. 经济衰退;萧条期a deep recession 严重衰退;in the wake of the recession 衰退之后;例句:The economy slid into recession. 经济滑入衰退。宏观周期簇;re(回)+ cess(走)= 向后退;对比 depression(大萧条,程度更深)
subsidy/ˈsʌbsədi/n. 补贴;津贴(动词 subsidize)government subsidies 政府补贴;subsidize farmers 补贴农民;例句:The state subsidizes public transport. 国家补贴公共交通。政策工具簇;sub(下)+ sid(坐)= 坐在底下托着;常与 cut/withdraw 搭配表"取消补贴"
monopoly/məˈnɑːpəli/n. 垄断;专卖break up a monopoly 打破垄断;enjoy a monopoly over... 独享……的垄断权;例句:The firm was accused of abusing its monopoly. 该公司被指控滥用垄断地位。市场行为簇;mono(单一)+ poly(卖)= 独家买卖;反义竞争 competition
revenue/ˈrevənuː/n. 财政收入;营收tax revenue 税收收入;annual revenue 年营收;例句:The city's tax revenue fell sharply. 该市税收收入骤降。企业经营簇;re(回)+ venue(来)= 收回来的钱;对比 profit(利润)= revenue 减成本
fluctuate/ˈflʌktʃueɪt/v. 波动;起伏(名词 fluctuation)prices fluctuate between...and... 价格在……间波动;例句:Demand fluctuates with the seasons. 需求随季节波动。市场行为簇;fluct(流 flu)= 像水一样起伏;图表描述类文章高频
inflation/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/n. 通货膨胀curb inflation 遏制通胀;inflation rate 通胀率;例句:Inflation erodes purchasing power. 通胀侵蚀购买力。宏观周期簇;in + flat(吹)= 吹胀;反义 deflation(通缩);动词 inflate
currency/ˈkɜːrənsi/n. 货币;通货a strong/weak currency 强势/弱势货币;foreign currency 外汇;例句:The currency depreciated against the dollar. 该货币对美元贬值。宏观周期簇;cur(跑 curr)= 流通之物;current 家族
tariff/ˈtærɪf/n. 关税impose tariffs on imports 对进口商品加征关税;tariff barriers 关税壁垒;例句:The country raised tariffs on steel. 该国提高了钢铁关税。政策工具簇;与 tax 辨析:tariff 特指进出口关税;impose a tariff on 是固定搭配
quota/ˈkwoʊtə/n. 配额;定额import quotas 进口配额;meet one's quota 完成定额;例句:The government lifted the quota on imports. 政府取消了进口配额。政策工具簇;与 tariff 成对:tariff 限价(税)、quota 限量;义词 limit
deficit/ˈdefɪsɪt/n. 赤字;亏损;不足a budget/trade deficit 预算/贸易赤字;例句:The trade deficit widened last year. 去年贸易逆差扩大。宏观周期簇;de(缺)+ fic(做)= 做得不够;反义 surplus(盈余);widen/narrow 是固定动词搭配
surplus/ˈsɜːrpləs/n. / adj. 过剩;盈余a trade surplus 贸易顺差;surplus labor 剩余劳动力;例句:The country runs a budget surplus. 该国预算盈余。宏观周期簇;sur(超)+ plus(加)= 多出来的;与 deficit 成对
fiscal/ˈfɪskl/adj. 财政的(政府收支层面)fiscal policy 财政政策;fiscal year 财年;例句:Fiscal stimulus boosted demand. 财政刺激提振了需求。政策工具簇;fisc(国库)+ al;与 monetary(货币的)成对:财政管税收支出、货币管利率
monetary/ˈmɑːnɪteri/adj. 货币的monetary policy 货币政策;monetary system 货币体系;例句:The central bank eased monetary policy. 央行放松了货币政策。政策工具簇;money 家族形容词;fiscal vs monetary 辨析是经济学文章固定考点
regulate/ˈreɡjuleɪt/v. 监管;管制;调节(名词 regulation)regulate the industry 监管行业;government regulation 政府监管;例句:The agency regulates food safety. 该机构监管食品安全。政策工具簇;reg(王 rule)+ ulate = 以规则治理;deregulation 撤销管制为派生高频词
merger/ˈmɜːrdʒər/n. 合并;兼并a merger between A and B / merger with... 与……合并;例句:The merger created the country's largest bank. 这次合并造就了该国最大银行。企业经营簇;merge(吞没)+ r;mergers and acquisitions(M&A)并购
acquisition/ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/n. 收购;获得the acquisition of... 对……的收购;language acquisition 语言习得;例句:The acquisition raised antitrust concerns. 该收购引发反垄断担忧。企业经营簇;ac + quire(寻求)= 求得;僻义"习得"在教育学文章高频
bankrupt/ˈbæŋkrʌpt/adj. / v. 破产的;使破产(名词 bankruptcy)go bankrupt 破产;file for bankruptcy 申请破产;例句:The retailer went bankrupt after decades in business. 该零售商经营数十年后破产。企业经营簇;bank(柜台)+ rupt(破裂)= 钱柜破了;同根 disrupt、erupt
venture/ˈventʃər/n. 风险项目;合资企业;v. 冒险a joint venture 合资企业;venture capital 风险投资;例句:The venture failed within two years. 该创业项目两年内失败。企业经营簇;vent(来 advent)= 闯出去试;joint venture 固定搭配
entrepreneur/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr/n. 企业家;创业者(形容词 entrepreneurial)a successful entrepreneur 成功的企业家;例句:Young entrepreneurs founded most of the startups. 年轻创业者创办了其中多数初创公司。企业经营簇;法语借词,注意拼写与读音;entre(进入)+ preneur(拿取者)
enterprise/ˈentərpraɪz/n. 企业;事业;创业精神a private/state-owned enterprise 民营/国有企业;a spirit of enterprise 进取精神;例句:Small enterprises create most local jobs. 小企业创造了当地多数就业。企业经营簇;enter(进入)+ prise(抓住)= 敢于抓住机会;free enterprise 自由经营
shareholder/ˈʃerhoʊldər/n. 股东shareholders' interests 股东利益;例句:The board must answer to shareholders. 董事会必须对股东负责。企业经营簇;share(股份)+ holder(持有者);公司治理文章高频主语
dividend/ˈdɪvɪdend/n. 股息;红利;回报pay dividends 派息;例句:Investors demand higher dividends. 投资者要求更高股息。企业经营簇;divide(分)+ end = 分出来的钱;僻义"回报"(pay off 呼应)了解即可
bond/bɑːnd/n. 债券;纽带;v. 结合government bonds 国债;the bond between... ……之间的纽带;例句:The government issued bonds to fund the project. 政府发债为项目筹资。双义高频:债券(经济)/ 纽带(社会);= tie 的名词化
asset/ˈæset/n. 资产;有价值的人/物fixed assets 固定资产;a valuable asset 宝贵人才;例句:Data has become a key corporate asset. 数据已成为关键企业资产。企业经营簇;古法语"足够"(assez);复数 assets 表资产,单数可指"可贵的东西"
liability/ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/n. 负债;责任;累赘assets and liabilities 资产与负债;legal liability 法律责任;例句:The aging plant became a liability. 老旧工厂成了累赘。三义递进:负债(会计)→ 责任(法律)→ 累赘(引申);与 asset 对举
margin/ˈmɑːrdʒɪn/n. 利润率;边缘;余量profit margins 利润率;by a wide margin 大幅地;例句:Rising costs squeezed profit margins. 成本上升挤压了利润率。企业经营簇;marg(边)+ in = 页边空白 → 余量 → 利润率;"以微弱优势" by a narrow margin
expenditure/ɪkˈspendɪtʃər/n. 支出;花费public expenditure 公共支出;cut expenditure 削减开支;例句:Military expenditure rose again. 军费开支再次上升。政策工具簇;ex + pend(付钱)= 付出去;动词 expend;与 expense、spending 近义递换
budget/ˈbʌdʒɪt/n. 预算;v. 编预算the national budget 国家预算;budget deficit 预算赤字;例句:The city cut its education budget. 该市削减了教育预算。政策工具簇;原义"小皮包"(装账本);on a budget 省着花钱
impose/ɪmˈpoʊz/v. 征收(税);强加;施加impose a tax/tariff/fine on... 对……征税/罚款;impose restrictions 施加限制;例句:The regulator imposed heavy fines on the firm. 监管机构对该企业处以重罚。政策工具簇核心动词;im(向上)+ pose(放)= 硬压上去;impose A on B 是最常见搭配
boost/buːst/v. / n. 提升;提振;推动boost demand/growth 提振需求/增长;a boost to the economy 对经济的推动;例句:The tax cut boosted consumer spending. 减税提振了消费。宏观周期簇(向上方向);比 increase 更口语化也更高频;give...a boost
slump/slʌmp/v. / n. 骤降;暴跌;不景气sales slump 销量暴跌;an economic slump 经济萧条;例句:Housing prices slumped by 20 percent. 房价暴跌两成。宏观周期簇(向下方向);拟声"啪嗒倒下";与 slump/soar 成对记(soar 飙升)
boom/buːm/n. / v. 繁荣;激增;(人口)激增期an economic boom 经济繁荣;the postwar baby boom 战后婴儿潮;例句:The tech sector boomed in the 1990s. 上世纪 90 年代科技业迅猛发展。宏观周期簇(向上方向);拟声"轰鸣"= 轰轰烈烈;boom and bust 繁荣与萧条轮回
prosperity/prɑːˈsperəti/n. 繁荣;兴旺(形容词 prosperous)bring prosperity 带来繁荣;a prosperous region 富庶地区;例句:Trade brought prosperity to the port city. 贸易给这座港口城市带来繁荣。宏观周期簇;pro(向前)+ sper(希望)= 前景向好;不可数名词
decline/dɪˈklaɪn/v. / n. 下降;衰退;婉拒a sharp decline 急剧下降;in decline 处于衰退;decline an offer 婉拒提议;例句:Manufacturing employment continued to decline. 制造业就业持续下滑。宏观周期簇(向下方向);三义全考:下降/衰退/婉拒(礼貌拒绝)
shrink/ʃrɪŋk/v. 缩小;收缩;缩减(过去式 shrank)the economy shrank 经济萎缩;a shrinking market 萎缩的市场;例句:The workforce has shrunk by a third. 劳动力缩减了三分之一。宏观周期簇;不规则变化 shrink–shrank–shrunk;shrink from doing 畏缩不做
rebound/rɪˈbaʊnd/v. / n. 反弹;复苏a strong rebound 强劲反弹;rebound from the recession 从衰退中反弹;例句:Consumer confidence rebounded quickly. 消费者信心迅速反弹。宏观周期簇(触底回升);re(回)+ bound(弹跳);近义 recovery
aggregate/ˈæɡrɪɡət/ n./adj.; /ˈæɡrɪɡeɪt/ v.adj. 总的;n. 总量;v. 汇总aggregate demand 总需求;in the aggregate 总体上;例句:Aggregate demand fell for three quarters. 总需求连续三个季度下降。宏观周期簇;ag + greg(群)= 聚成一团;in the aggregate 是固定短语
productivity/ˌprɑːdʌkˈtɪvəti/n. 生产率raise productivity 提高生产率;productivity growth 生产率增长;例句:Automation lifted factory productivity. 自动化提升了工厂生产率。企业经营簇;produce 家族;经济学文章与科技文章双高频
consumption/kənˈsʌmpʃn/n. 消费;消耗energy consumption 能源消耗;household consumption 家庭消费;例句:The tax reduced fuel consumption. 该税收降低了燃料消耗。市场行为簇;consume + ption(注意拼写无 s); conspicuous consumption 炫耀性消费了解即可
inventory/ˈɪnvəntɔːri/n. 库存;存货清单reduce inventory 去库存;take inventory of... 盘点……;例句:Retailers cut inventories before the holiday season. 零售商在假日季前削减库存。企业经营簇;in + vent(来)= 进来的货;僻义"盘点、清点思路"(take inventory of)
contract/ˈkɑːntrækt/ n.; /kənˈtrækt/ v.n. 合同;v. 收缩;订约;感染sign a contract 签订合同;the economy contracted 经济萎缩;contract a disease 患病;例句:The market contracted sharply last year. 去年市场急剧收缩。熟词僻义重灾区:合同之外考"收缩"与"感染";con + tract(拉)= 拉紧收拢
depreciate/dɪˈpriːʃieɪt/v. 贬值;折旧(名词 depreciation)the currency depreciated 货币贬值;例句:The yen depreciated against the dollar. 日元对美元贬值。宏观周期簇;de(向下)+ preci(价格)= 价格走低;与 appreciate(升值)成对——appreciate 的僻义见策略章
commodity/kəˈmɑːdəti/n. 商品;大宗商品commodity prices 大宗商品价格;a scarce commodity 稀缺商品;例句:Oil is the most traded commodity in the world. 石油是全球交易量最大的大宗商品。市场行为簇;com + mod(方式)= 通用的东西;复数 commodities 特指大宗商品
austerity/ɔːˈsterəti/n. (财政)紧缩;节俭austerity measures 紧缩措施;an age of austerity 紧缩年代;例句:The government imposed austerity after the debt crisis. 债务危机后政府实施了紧缩政策。政策工具簇;auster(严厉简朴)+ ity;欧洲经济类文章高频
infrastructure/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/n. 基础设施invest in infrastructure 投资基建;aging infrastructure 老化的基础设施;例句:The plan funds roads, bridges and digital infrastructure. 该计划为公路、桥梁和数字基建提供资金。政策工具簇;infra(在下)+ structure = 底层结构;不可数名词
corporate/ˈkɔːrpərət/adj. 公司的;团体的corporate profits 企业利润;corporate culture 企业文化;例句:Corporate tax rates were cut. 企业税率被下调。企业经营簇;corporation(公司)的形容词;body(corpus)→ 法人团体;multinational(跨国的/跨国公司,multi 多 + national 国家)并入本行记
niche/niːʃ/n. 利基市场;合适的位置a niche market 利基市场;find one's niche 找到适合自己的位置;例句:The startup thrived in a niche market. 该初创公司在利基市场中茁壮成长。市场行为簇;法语借词,发音特殊;生态学"生态位"义是本义
incentive/ɪnˈsentɪv/n. 激励;诱因an incentive to do sth 做某事的动力;economic incentives 经济激励;例句:Tax breaks give firms an incentive to invest. 税收优惠激励企业投资。政策工具簇;in + cent(歌 cant 唱)= 唱着鼓动;行为经济学文章必现词
transaction/trænˈzækʃn/n. 交易;事务business transactions 商业交易;online transactions 在线交易;例句:The app records every transaction instantly. 该应用即时记录每笔交易。市场行为簇;trans(穿过)+ action = 钱与货的对向流动;transact 动词
pension/ˈpenʃn/n. 养老金;退休金draw a pension 领养老金;pension funds 养老基金;例句:The pension system faces pressure from aging. 养老金体系面临老龄化压力。社会经济簇;pens(付钱)+ ion = 定期付出的钱;同根 expenditure; ageing 老龄化是其固定语境

本单元自测(10 题,模拟题)

做法:先做后对;中译英先在脑中组句再核对搭配;选择题先说线索再选。错题登记进 00-错题本,错因标签用"词义/搭配"。

第 1 题(中译英):政府对这些进口商品加征了关税。(用 impose 与 tariff)

第 2 题(中译英):去年该国预算赤字进一步扩大。(用 deficit 与 widen)

第 3 题(中译英):该国的货币对美元贬值了。(用 depreciate)

第 4 题(中译英):税收优惠激励企业投资研发。(用 incentive)

第 5 题(义辨):The company's annual ______ rose 15 percent, but higher costs left profits unchanged.

A. expenditure B. revenue C. deficit D. liability

第 6 题(义辨):题干 "Housing prices ______ by nearly a third during the recession." 中应填:

A. boosted B. rebounded C. slumped D. fluctuated

第 7 题(义辨):Regulators accused the platform of abusing its ______ to squeeze out smaller rivals.

A. subsidy B. monopoly C. quota D. austerity

第 8 题(义辨):The word "contract" in "the market contracted sharply" most nearly means:

A. signed an agreement B. shrank C. became infected D. was prolonged

第 9 题(义辨):______ policy refers to government spending and taxation, while ______ policy is controlled by the central bank.

A. Monetary...fiscal B. Fiscal...monetary C. Corporate...fiscal D. Fiscal...productive

第 10 题(搭配填空):The startup finally found its ______ in the market for professional photography tools.(填一个名词)

参考答案与简析
  1. The government imposed tariffs on these imported goods. 考点:impose a tariff on 固定搭配;难度:易;错因提醒:impose 后接 on,不能漏介词。
  2. Last year the country's budget deficit widened further. 考点:deficit 与 widen/narrow 搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:赤字"扩大/收窄"用 widen/narrow,不用 increase/decrease 更地道。
  3. The country's currency depreciated against the dollar. 考点:depreciate against 对……贬值;难度:中;错因提醒:与 appreciate(升值)成对;against 表示汇率参照。
  4. Tax breaks give firms an incentive to invest in R&D.(或 serve as an incentive for firms to...)考点:an incentive to do sth;难度:中;错因提醒:incentive 后接 to do,不接 for doing。
  5. B。revenue 营收(总收入),与"成本上升导致利润不变"的逻辑自洽;expenditure 支出、deficit 赤字、liability 负债均无法"上升后利润仍不变"地对应;难度:中;错因提醒:revenue(收入)与 profit(利润)之辨是经济类文章基本功。
  6. C。slumped 暴跌,与 during the recession 及 by nearly a third 呼应;boosted 提升、rebounded 反弹方向相反;fluctuated 波动不含单向下行义;难度:中;错因提醒:slump/soar 与 decline/rise 的程度差异。
  7. B。abuse its monopoly 滥用垄断地位,squeeze out smaller rivals 排挤小对手是垄断行为;subsidy 补贴、quota 配额、austerity 紧缩均不合逻辑;难度:中;错因提醒:abuse a monopoly 是反垄断话题固定搭配。
  8. B。contract 熟词僻义"收缩",此处 the market contracted = 市场萎缩;A 合同、C 感染、D 延长均不合语境;难度:难;错因提醒:contract 是经济类文章熟词僻义重灾区。
  9. B。fiscal policy 财政政策(政府税收与支出)、monetary policy 货币政策(央行利率与货币供给);难度:中;错因提醒:fiscal vs monetary 之辨是经济学文章固定考点。
  10. niche。find one's niche 找到利基/定位;难度:难;错因提醒:niche market 利基市场,注意发音 /niːʃ/ 与法语拼写。