Unit20 时间与变化

  • 所属:高频核心词 · 词汇库导览
  • 话题:时间与变化——考研阅读中描述趋势、过程与时间关系的高频词(渐变/突变、升降/存续、频率/顺序等),是图表描述、政策演变、社会变迁类文章的骨架。经济涨跌词(decline、slump、boom 等)见 Unit03-经济与商业,时间连接副词见 Unit12-逻辑连接词
  • 学法:先通读词表划掉已熟词;重点记"搭配与例句"列;学完做文末自测,按 导览 的 1/2/4/7/15 天周期复习
  • 音标为美式 IPA;例句均为本站自编

词表(50 词)

单词音标词性与核心释义搭配与例句记忆点
gradual/ˈɡrædʒuəl/adj. 逐渐的;平缓的a gradual decline/increase 逐渐下降/上升;gradual progress 平缓推进;例句:The change was gradual rather than sudden. 这一变化是渐进而非突然的。grad(步,同 grade 台阶)+ -ual:一级一级走的
abrupt/əˈbrʌpt/adj. 突然的;唐突的an abrupt change/end 突变/戛然而止;an abrupt manner 唐突的举止;例句:The talks came to an abrupt end. 谈判戛然而止。ab-(脱离)+ rupt(断裂,同 interrupt 打断):猛地断开
dramatic/drəˈmætɪk/adj. 急剧的;戏剧性的a dramatic rise/increase 急剧上升;a dramatic effect 显著效果;例句:The policy had a dramatic effect on enrollment. 该政策对入学率影响巨大。drama(戏剧)+ -tic:像戏剧一样大起大落
drastic/ˈdræstɪk/adj. 极端的;严厉的drastic measures 严厉措施;drastic cuts 大幅削减;例句:Drastic action is needed to curb the deficit. 遏制赤字需要果断行动。与 dramatic 辨析:drastic 多修饰措施/行动,含"激进"色彩
steep/stiːp/adj. 急剧升降的;陡的a steep rise/decline 急升/急降;a steep learning curve 陡峭的学习曲线;例句:Prices took a steep dive last month. 上月价格大幅跳水。本义"陡坡",引申指升降幅度大
steady/ˈstedi/adj. 稳定的;稳步的a steady increase 稳步增长;steady progress 稳定进展;例句:Incomes rose at a steady pace. 收入以平稳的步伐增长。stead(站,同 stand)+ -y:站得稳
stagnant/ˈstæɡnənt/adj. 停滞的;不景气的stagnant wages 停滞的工资;a stagnant economy 停滞的经济;例句:Wages have been stagnant for a decade. 工资十年未涨。stagn(死水)+ -ant:一潭死水;近义名词 stagnation
profound/prəˈfaʊnd/adj. 深刻的;深远的a profound impact/effect 深远影响;profound changes 深刻变革;例句:Technology has had a profound effect on daily life. 技术对日常生活产生了深远影响。pro-(向前深处)+ found(底,同 foundation 地基):直达底层
irreversible/ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl/adj. 不可逆的;不可挽回的irreversible damage/decline 不可逆的损害/衰落;例句:The loss of habitat is largely irreversible. 栖息地的丧失大多不可逆转。ir-(不)+ revers(转)+ -ible:转不回去的
evolve/iˈvɑːlv/v. 演变;逐步发展;进化evolve from... into... 从……演变为……;evolving needs 不断变化的需求;例句:The firm evolved into a global brand. 该公司逐步发展为全球品牌。e-(出)+ volv(转,同 revolution):一点点转出来;名词 evolution
undergo/ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ/v. 经历;经受(变化、手术等)undergo changes/a transformation 经历变革;undergo surgery 接受手术;例句:The city has undergone rapid change. 该城市经历了快速变迁。under(在下)+ go:从底下走过一遭;过去式 underwent
unfold/ʌnˈfoʊld/v. (事件)逐渐展开;呈现events unfold 事件逐渐展开;a story unfolds 故事徐徐展开;例句:The scandal unfolded slowly over months. 丑闻在数月间逐渐曝光。un-(解开)+ fold(折叠):摊开来
deteriorate/dɪˈtɪriəreɪt/v. 恶化;变坏conditions/relations deteriorate 状况/关系恶化;deteriorating health 每况愈下的健康;例句:Air quality deteriorated sharply in winter. 冬季空气质量急剧恶化。deterior(更坏)+ -ate;名词 deterioration
vanish/ˈvænɪʃ/v. 消失;绝迹vanish from sight/from the region 从视野/该地区消失;vanishing species 濒临灭绝的物种;例句:The birds have vanished from the region. 这些鸟已从该地区绝迹。van(空,同 vain 徒劳)+ -ish:化为空无
dwindle/ˈdwɪndl/v. 逐渐减少;萎缩dwindling resources 日渐减少的资源;dwindle to... 缩减到……;例句:The town's population has dwindled to a few hundred. 该镇人口已缩减至几百人。与 dwindle away 连用;近义 diminish(见 Unit11)
surge/sɜːrdʒ/v. / n. 激增;涌动a surge in demand/prices 需求/价格激增;a surge of anger 怒火涌起;例句:Imports surged by 40 percent. 进口激增四成。原义"波浪涌起":潮水般上涨
plunge/plʌndʒ/v. / n. 骤降;猛跌;陷入prices plunge 价格暴跌;plunge into crisis 陷入危机;take the plunge 决定冒险一试;例句:Profits plunged in the second quarter. 二季度利润骤降。本义"一头扎进水里";与 surge 成对反义
skyrocket/ˈskaɪrɑːkɪt/v. 飙升;猛涨prices/rents skyrocket 物价/房租飞涨;skyrocketing costs 飙升的成本;例句:Rents have skyrocketed in recent years. 近年来房租一路飙升。sky(天)+ rocket(火箭):直冲云霄
reverse/rɪˈvɜːrs/v. 逆转;推翻 adj. 相反的reverse the trend 扭转趋势;reverse a decision 推翻决定;in reverse order 按相反顺序;例句:The court reversed its earlier ruling. 法院推翻了先前的裁决。re-(回)+ vers(转):转回去
restore/rɪˈstɔːr/v. 恢复;修复restore confidence/order 恢复信心/秩序;restore a painting 修复画作;例句:The fund aims to restore degraded farmland. 该基金旨在修复退化农田。re-(回)+ stor(立,同 store 储存):重新立起来
revive/rɪˈvaɪv/v. 使复苏;复兴;使苏醒revive the economy 重振经济;revive interest in... 唤起对……的兴趣;例句:Hot springs revived the town's tourism. 温泉让该镇旅游业复苏。re-(再)+ viv(活,同 vivid 生动的):再活过来
accelerate/əkˈseləreɪt/v. 加速;促进accelerate the pace of reform 加快改革步伐;rapidly accelerate 迅速提速;例句:Automation has accelerated the shift to service jobs. 自动化加速了向服务业的转型。ac-(去)+ celer(快):提速;反义 decelerate
halt/hɔːlt/v. / n. 停止;阻止call a halt to... 叫停……;come to a halt 停下来;a full halt 完全停止;例句:The project came to a halt for lack of funds. 项目因缺资金而停摆。原为德语军令"立定"
culminate/ˈkʌlmɪneɪt/v. 告终;(以……)达到顶点culminate in... 最终达到/以……告终;例句:Years of tension culminated in open conflict. 多年紧张关系最终演变为公开冲突。culmin(顶点)+ -ate:爬到顶;注意搭配 culminate in 而非 to
elapse/ɪˈlæps/v. (时间)流逝;过去three years elapsed 三年过去;例句:Three years elapsed before the drug was approved. 时隔三年该药才获批。e-(出)+ lapse(滑,同 lapse 失误):时间滑走
prevail/prɪˈveɪl/v. 盛行;获胜;(观点)占上风the prevailing view/wind 主流观点/盛行风;prevail over/against 战胜;例句:Common sense eventually prevailed. 理性最终占了上风。pre(优势)+ vail(力量,同 valid 有效)
eternal/ɪˈtɜːrnl/adj. 永恒的;无休止的eternal truths 永恒真理;the eternal debate 无休止的争论;例句:For believers, the soul is eternal. 对信徒而言灵魂是永恒的。与 internal(内部的)形近:一字母之差
permanent/ˈpɜːrmənənt/adj. 永久的;长期的permanent residence 永久居留;a permanent position 长期职位;例句:The damage may be permanent. 损害可能是永久性的。per-(始终)+ man(留,同 remain):一直留着
temporary/ˈtempəreri/adj. 临时的;暂时的a temporary job/solution 临时工作/权宜之计;temporary relief 暂时缓解;例句:The bridge is only a temporary fix. 这座桥只是权宜之计。tempor(时间,同 contemporary 同时代的)+ -ary
perpetual/pərˈpetʃuəl/adj. 无休止的;永久的perpetual conflict 无休止的冲突;perpetual motion 永动;例句:The two sides remain in perpetual dispute. 双方争执不休。per-(始终)+ pet(追求):追个不停
fleeting/ˈfliːtɪŋ/adj. 转瞬即逝的a fleeting glimpse/moment 匆匆一瞥/短暂瞬间;fleeting fame 一时的名声;例句:Online fame is often fleeting. 网络名声往往转瞬即逝。fleet(疾驰)+ -ing:一掠而过
ephemeral/ɪˈfemərəl/adj. 短暂的;朝生暮死的ephemeral pleasures 短暂的快乐;ephemeral streams 季节性河流;例句:Fashion is by nature ephemeral. 时尚本质上就是短暂的。ep-(在上)+ hemer(天,希腊语"一天"):只存在一天
prolonged/prəˈlɔːŋd/adj. 长时间的;持久的a prolonged drought 长期干旱;a prolonged period of... 漫长的……时期;例句:Prolonged stress harms both body and mind. 长期压力身心俱损。pro-(向前)+ long(长):拉得很长
imminent/ˈɪmɪnənt/adj. 迫近的;即将发生的in imminent danger of... 面临迫近的危险;imminent collapse 崩溃在即;例句:A decision is imminent. 决定很快就会出台。im-(入)+ min(突出,同 prominent):顶到眼前
forthcoming/ˌfɔːrθˈkʌmɪŋ/adj. 即将到来的;乐于提供的the forthcoming election 即将举行的选举;be forthcoming about... 对……坦诚;例句:Details appear in the forthcoming report. 细节见即将发布的报告。forth(向前)+ coming(到来);第二义常考
overdue/ˌoʊvərˈduː/adj. 逾期(未还/未付)的;早该发生的an overdue book/library book 逾期图书;a reform long overdue 早该进行的改革;例句:The train is twenty minutes overdue. 火车晚点二十分钟。over(超过)+ due(到期):过了期限
intermittent/ˌɪntərˈmɪtnt/adj. 间歇的;断断续续的intermittent rain 阵雨;an intermittent connection 断断续续的连接;例句:Intermittent bursts of noise disrupt sleep. 阵阵噪音搅扰睡眠。inter-(之间)+ mit(送):送送停停
sporadic/spəˈrædɪk/adj. 零星的;偶发的sporadic outbreaks 零星爆发;sporadic violence 零星冲突;例句:Sporadic fighting continued for weeks. 零星战斗持续了数周。与 spore(孢子)同根"散播":撒开来的
periodic/ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪk/adj. 周期性的;定期的periodic reviews/checks 定期审查/检查;例句:The machine requires periodic maintenance. 该设备需定期维护。period(周期)+ -ic
recurrent/rɪˈkɜːrənt/adj. 反复出现的;复发的a recurrent problem 老问题;recurrent pain 反复发作的疼痛;例句:Flooding is a recurrent threat in the region. 洪水是该地区反复出现的威胁。re-(再)+ cur(跑,同 occur 发生):跑了又来
successive/səkˈsesɪv/adj. 接连的;相继的successive governments 历届政府;for three successive years 连续三年;例句:The team won the title for a third successive year. 球队连续第三年夺冠。suc-(下)+ cess(走):一个接一个走下去
consecutive/kənˈsekjətɪv/adj. 连续的(中间不间断)three consecutive days/quarters 连续三天/三个季度;例句:Profits rose for five consecutive quarters. 利润连续五个季度增长。con-(共同)+ secu(跟随):紧跟着
simultaneous/ˌsaɪmlˈteɪniəs/adj. 同时的;同步的simultaneous interpretation 同声传译;simultaneous arrival 同时抵达;例句:The two launches were almost simultaneous. 两次发射几乎同时进行。simul(相同,同 simulate 模拟)+ taneous
era/ˈɪrə/n. 时代;纪元a new era 新时代;the postwar era 战后时期;enter a new era 进入新纪元;例句:The war marked the start of a new era. 战争标志着一个新时代的开端。与 epoch 近义;era 更通用
duration/duˈreɪʃn/n. 持续时间for the duration of... 在整个……期间;a course of short duration 短期课程;例句:Visitors may stay for the duration of the fair. 参观者可在展会期间全程停留。dur(持续,同 endure 持久)+ -ation
interval/ˈɪntərvl/n. 间隔;(幕间)休息at intervals 不时地;at regular intervals 每隔一定时间;例句:Buses run at ten-minute intervals. 公交每十分钟一班。inter-(之间)+ val(墙):两墙之间的空当
span/spæn/n. 一段时间;跨度;持续时间in a short span of time 在短时间内;life span 寿命;attention span 注意力持续时间;例句:The bridge has a main span of 1,200 meters. 大桥主跨一千二百米。本义"手掌张开之距"
onset/ˈɑːnset/n. 开始;(疾病)发作the onset of winter/war 冬季来临/战争爆发;the onset of symptoms 症状初现;例句:The drug delays the onset of symptoms. 该药推迟症状出现。on + set(落下):落下帷幕之始
advent/ˈædvent/n. 到来;问世the advent of the internet 互联网的问世;with the advent of... 随着……的到来;例句:The advent of the smart phone changed daily routines. 智能手机的问世改变了日常作息。ad-(到)+ vent(来,同 prevent 防止):来到
momentum/moʊˈmentəm/n. 势头;动量gain/gather momentum 势头渐强;lose momentum 失去势头;例句:The reform movement is gaining momentum. 改革运动势头正劲。物理借词"动量":质量×速度,引申为"冲劲"

本单元自测(10 题,模拟题)

第 1-4 题:写出下列搭配的中文意思

  1. a surge in online shopping(本单元词 surge)
  2. for five consecutive quarters
  3. with the advent of the smart phone
  4. a reform long overdue

第 5-7 题:选词填空(dwindle / stagnant / imminent / reverse,注意正确形式)

  1. The village's population has ______ steadily as young people move to cities.
  2. Sales have been ______ for three years—no growth, but no collapse either.
  3. With a storm ______, the organizers called off the match.

第 8 题:介词/副词填空

  1. Years of tension culminated ______ the resignation of the minister.

第 9-10 题:汉译英(用本单元词汇)

  1. 医疗费用在过去十年急剧上升。(medical costs / skyrocket)
  2. 双方处于无休止的争端之中。(perpetual / dispute)
点击展开答案与简析
  1. 网购的激增。【考点:名词释义与搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:a surge in + 名词表"激增",注意介词用 in】
  2. 连续五个季度。【考点:形容词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:consecutive 强调中间不间断,successive 只表"相继";与经济数据(quarters 季度)高频同现】
  3. 随着智能手机的问世。【考点:固定搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:with the advent of... 是科技史、传播史文章高频句式,勿把 advent 误解为"冒险"(adventure)】
  4. 早已该进行的改革。【考点:一词多义;难度:中;错因提醒:overdue 本义"逾期未还",long overdue 引申为"早该发生",勿直译为"过度到期"】
  5. dwindled。【考点:动词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:dwindle 表"逐渐减少",与 as young people move to cities 呼应;用现在完成时】
  6. stagnant。【考点:形容词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:句中 no growth, no collapse 提示"停滞",选 stagnant 而非 deteriorate(恶化)】
  7. imminent。【考点:形容词辨义;难度:中;错因提醒:with a storm imminent"暴风雨即将来临";注意 forthcoming 只修饰名词作定语,不能作表语后置】
  8. in。【考点:介词搭配;难度:低;错因提醒:culminate in...(最终导致/以……告终)为固定搭配,勿误用 to/into】
  9. Medical costs have skyrocketed over the past decade.【考点:汉译英+趋势动词;难度:中;错因提醒:skyrocket 表"飙升"常与 prices/costs 连用;注意用现在完成时连接 over the past decade】
  10. The two sides remain in perpetual dispute.【考点:汉译英+形容词搭配;难度:中;错因提醒:perpetual dispute 无休止的争端;勿与 permanent(永久性的,如身份、损伤)混淆——perpetual 强调"无休止"】