Unit14 伦理与价值观

  • 所属:高频核心词 · 词汇库导览
  • 话题:伦理与价值观——考研阅读伦理类、社会评论类文章(商业伦理、科技伦理、道德争论)的骨架词。人物态度词(skepticism、contempt 等)见 Unit02-态度与评价,法律义务词(comply、violate 等)见 Unit06-法律政治与制度
  • 学法:按"品德操守 / 虚伪欺诈 / 责义务 / 忠诚信义 / 宗教世俗 / 情感反应"六个语义簇成串记忆(记忆点列已标簇别);interest、principal、claim 等熟词僻义是完形高频考点;学完做文末自测,按 导览 的 1/2/4/7/15 天周期复习
  • 音标为美式 IPA;例句均为本站自编

词表(50 词)

单词音标词性与核心释义搭配与例句记忆点
virtue/ˈvɜːrtʃuː/n. 美德;优点a man of virtue 有德之人;the virtues of patience 耐心的好处;例句:Honesty is the virtue the essay prizes most. 诚实是这篇文章最推崇的美德。品德操守簇;"by virtue of 凭借"是高频短语;僻义"优点、功效"与 merit 近义
integrity/ɪnˈteɡrəti/n. 正直;完整(性)intellectual integrity 学术操守;territorial integrity 领土完整;例句:The scandal damaged the professor's integrity. 丑闻损害了这位教授的操守。品德操守簇;integer(整数)同根"完整"→"人格完整无缺";两个义项都是高频
hypocrisy/hɪˈpɑːkrəsi/n. 虚伪expose the hypocrisy of... 揭露……的虚伪;例句:Critics saw the policy as pure hypocrisy. 批评者认为该政策纯属虚伪。虚伪欺诈簇;hypo(在下)+ crisy(判断)= 表面一套下面一套;形容词 hypocritical
compassion/kəmˈpæʃn/n. 同情;怜悯show compassion for... 对……表示同情;例句:The judge tempered justice with compassion. 法官以同情缓和了正义。品德操守簇;com(共同)+ passion(情感)= 与人共情;形容词 compassionate
benevolent/bəˈnevələnt/adj. 仁慈的;善意的a benevolent donor 慈善捐赠人;benevolent intentions 善意;例句:The fund was created by a benevolent industrialist. 该基金由一位乐善好施的实业家创立。品德操守簇;bene(好 bonus)+ vol(意愿 will)= 怀好意;反义 malevolent(恶毒的)
malicious/məˈlɪʃəs/adj. 恶意的malicious gossip 恶意流言;malicious damage 蓄意破坏;例句:The rumor was spread by malicious competitors. 谣言是恶意竞争者散布的。虚伪欺诈簇;mal(坏 malady)+ ic(倾向)= 存心使坏;名词 malice
deceit/dɪˈsiːt/n. 欺骗a web of deceit 谎言编织的罗网;例句:The scheme collapsed under the weight of its own deceit. 该骗局毁于自身的谎言。虚伪欺诈簇;de(向下)+ ceit(拿 take)= 用下三滥手段拿好处;动词 deceive
conscience/ˈkɑːnʃəns/n. 良心a guilty conscience 内疚;in good conscience 问心无愧地;例句:He refused on grounds of conscience. 他出于良心拒绝。品德操守簇;con + science(知)= 内心的知;conscientious(尽责的)是高频派生词
humility/hjuːˈmɪləti/n. 谦逊show humility 显示谦逊;例句:The coach praised the champion's humility. 教练称赞冠军的谦逊。品德操守簇;hum(土 humus)= 伏于尘土;形容词 humble(谦逊的;卑微的)
dignity/ˈdɪɡnəti/n. 尊严human dignity 人的尊严;die with dignity 有尊严地死去;例句:The report stressed the dignity of patients. 报告强调患者的尊严。品德操守簇;dign(值得 worthy)= 值得被尊重的性质;indignant(义愤的)为反义情绪
altruistic/ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/adj. 利他的altruistic behavior 利他行为;例句:The volunteers were driven by altruistic motives. 志愿者受利他动机驱动。品德操守簇;altru(他人 alter)= 以他人为先;反义 egoistic(利己的);道德心理类文章核心词
empathy/ˈempəθi/n. 共情;同理心feel empathy for... 对……感同身受;例句:Reading fiction can strengthen empathy. 阅读小说能增强共情能力。品德操守簇;em(入)+ pathy(情感)= 进入他人情感;形容词 empathetic;与 sympathy(同情)程度递进
gratitude/ˈɡrætɪtuːd/n. 感激express one's gratitude to... 向……表达感激;例句:She accepted the award with gratitude. 她满怀感激地领奖。情感反应簇;grat( pleasing 感激的)+ itude;反义 ingratitude(忘恩负义)
grudge/ɡrʌdʒ/n. 怨恨 v. 勉强给予hold a grudge against sb 记恨某人;grudge sb an advantage 不情愿让人占优;例句:He bore no grudge against his critics. 他对批评者并无怨恨。情感反应簇;"hold/bear a grudge"固定搭配;作动词表"不情愿地给"是僻义
ethical/ˈeθɪkl/adj. 伦理的;道德的ethical standards 道德标准;an ethical dilemma 伦理困境;例句:Gene editing raises deep ethical questions. 基因编辑引发深刻的伦理问题。品德操守簇;ethic(伦理)+ al;ethics 复数可指"伦理学";科技伦理话题第一高频词
immoral/ɪˈmɔːrəl/adj. 不道德的immoral conduct 不道德行为;例句:The court found the practice legal but immoral. 法庭认定该做法合法但不道德。品德操守簇;im(不)+ moral;注意与 amoral(非道德范畴的)辨析——后者指"与道德无关"
deceptive/dɪˈseptɪv/adj. 欺骗性的deceptive advertising 虚假广告;deceptive simplicity 貌似简单;例句:The calm sea was deceptive. 平静的海面具有欺骗性。虚伪欺诈簇;deceit 的形容词;"deceptively simple 看似简单"是阅读高频表达
sincere/sɪnˈsɪr/adj. 真诚的a sincere apology 真诚的道歉;sincere gratitude 诚挚的感谢;例句:Please accept my sincere congratulations. 请接受我诚挚的祝贺。品德操守簇;名词 sincerity;信件与写作模板高频词
candid/ˈkændɪd/adj. 坦率的;直言的a candid discussion 坦诚的讨论;candid about... 对……直言不讳;例句:The report is remarkably candid about the failures. 报告对失败之处相当坦率。品德操守簇;cand(白 candid 明亮)= 光明正大;名词 candor;僻义"偷拍的"candid photo 低频
vice/vaɪs/n. 恶习;缺点;副的virtue and vice 善与恶;a vice president 副总裁;例句:Greed is the vice the article singles out. 贪婪是文章点名的恶习。品德操守簇;与 virtue 成对;"vice versa 反之亦然"是独立高频短语;前缀"副的"义常出现于职位
deserve/dɪˈzɜːrv/v. 应得;值得deserve attention 值得关注;get what one deserves 罪有应得;例句:The finding deserves wider attention. 这一发现值得更多关注。责义务簇;de(完全)+ serve(服务)= 服务到位就该给;deservedly(当之无愧地)
worthy/ˈwɜːrði/adj. 值得的;可敬的be worthy of... 值得……;a worthy cause 崇高的事业;例句:The project is worthy of public support. 该项目值得公众支持。责义务簇;worth(价值)+ y;注意搭配 worthy of 而非 worthy to(后者跟动词原形亦可)
merit/ˈmerɪt/n. 优点;功绩 v. 值得judge sth on its merits 就事论事;merit-based selection 择优录取;例句:The proposal has merit despite its flaws. 该提案虽有缺陷但有可取之处。责义务簇;与 flaw(缺陷)成对反义;"on its merits"是评论类文章固定表达
flaw/flɔː/n. 缺陷;裂缝a fatal flaw 致命缺陷;flawed logic 有缺陷的逻辑;例句:The study's methodology contains a serious flaw. 该研究的方法论有严重缺陷。责义务簇;形容词 flawed(有缺陷的)在批评性文章极高频
corrupt/kəˈrʌpt/adj. 腐败的 v. 使腐化corrupt officials 腐败官员;corrupt data 被篡改的数据;例句:The commission investigated corrupt practices. 委员会调查了腐败行为。虚伪欺诈簇;cor(完全)+ rupt(破裂)= 彻底烂掉;数据语境"被污染的"是科技类僻义
bribe/braɪb/n./v. 贿赂accept/take bribes 收受贿赂;bribe an official 贿赂官员;例句:The firm bribed inspectors to overlook violations. 该公司贿赂检查员以掩盖违规。虚伪欺诈簇;名词 bribery(贿赂行为)更高频;与 corruption 常互换
obligation/ˌɑːblɪˈɡeɪʃn/n. 义务;责任a moral obligation 道德义务;be under an obligation to do... 有义务……;例句:Physicians feel an obligation to report the risks. 医生感到有义务报告这些风险。责义务簇;ob(朝向)+ lig(捆 bind)= 被绑住的事;obligate(强制)同根
accountable/əˈkaʊntəbl/adj. 负有责任的;可解释的be accountable for... 对……负责;hold sb accountable 追究某人责任;例句:Officials must be accountable to the public. 官员必须对公众负责。责义务簇;account(解释)+ able = 需给出交代;名词 accountability(问责制)是治理类文章关键词
responsibility/rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/n. 责任;职责assume full responsibility 承担全责;a sense of responsibility 责任感;例句:With power comes responsibility. 权力伴随着责任。责义务簇;respond(回应)的名词——"能回应他人即负责";形容词 responsible
blame/bleɪm/v./n. 责备blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人;bear the blame 承担责任;例句:The report blames lax oversight for the accident. 报告将事故归咎于监管松懈。责义务簇;"be to blame(for)应担责任"注意用主动表被动义;名词习语 the blame game(互相推诿)
fidelity/fɪˈdeləti/n. 忠诚;保真(度)fidelity to one's principles 对原则的忠诚;audio fidelity 音频保真度;例句:The translation preserves the fidelity of the original. 译文忠实于原文。忠诚信义簇;fid(信任 faith)= 值得信任;科技语境"保真度"是僻义高频
loyal/ˈlɔɪəl/adj. 忠诚的loyal to one's employer 忠于雇主;loyal customers 忠实顾客;例句:The brand owes its survival to loyal customers. 该品牌靠忠实顾客存活至今。忠诚信义簇;名词 loyalty;商业语境"用户黏性"常以此表达
betray/bɪˈtreɪ/v. 背叛;泄露betray one's principles 背弃原则;betray a secret 泄露秘密;例句:The mole betrayed the operation to the enemy. 内奸将行动泄露给了敌方。忠诚信义簇;be + tray(移交)= 交到对方手里;"betray one's emotions 流露情感"是高频僻义
oath/oʊθ/n. 誓言;宣誓take an oath 宣誓;under oath 在誓言约束下;例句:Witnesses testified under oath. 证人宣誓后作证。忠诚信义簇;swear an oath 同义搭配;"under oath"在法律语境表"已宣誓须说真话"
pledge/pledʒ/n./v. 誓言;承诺pledge to do... 承诺做……;fulfill a pledge 兑现承诺;例句:The firm pledged to cut emissions by half. 该公司承诺将排放减半。忠诚信义簇;环保语境"减排承诺"高频;pledge 与 commitment 近义换用
adhere/ədˈhɪr/v. 粘附;遵守adhere to the rules 遵守规则;adhere to a schedule 坚守时间表;例句:Participants must adhere to the protocol. 参与者必须遵守规程。责义务簇;ad(朝向)+ her(粘 stick)= 粘住不放;"adhere to"是完形最高频搭配之一
taboo/təˈbuː/n./adj. 禁忌(的)a social taboo 社会禁忌;taboo subjects 禁忌话题;例句:Death remains a taboo in many cultures. 死亡在许多文化中仍是禁忌。宗教世俗簇;源自波利尼西亚语(借词);文化人类学类文章常见
norm/nɔːrm/n. 准则;常态social norms 社会准则;the new norm 新常态;例句:Remote work has become the norm. 远程办公已成常态。责义务簇;"social norms"是社科类文章基石短语;复数 norms 表行为准则
conform/kənˈfɔːrm/v. 遵从;符合conform to the standard 符合标准;conform to peer pressure 屈从同伴压力;例句:The device conforms to safety norms. 该设备符合安全标准。责义务簇;con(共同)+ form(形态)= 拿出与大家一致的形态;conformity(从众)是心理学高频派生
deviate/ˈdiːvieɪt/v. 偏离deviate from the plan 偏离计划;例句:Teachers may not deviate from the syllabus. 教师不得偏离教学大纲。责义务簇;de(离开)+ vi(路 via)= 离开正路;名词 deviation(偏差;越轨)
sacred/ˈseɪkrɪd/adj. 神圣的;不容侵犯的a sacred duty 神圣职责;sacred rights 不容侵犯的权利;例句:Privacy is treated as a sacred right in the essay. 隐私在文中被视为不容侵犯的权利。宗教世俗簇;sacr(祭祀 sacrifice)= 献给神的;引申"不可触碰的"
secular/ˈsekjələr/adj. 世俗的;非宗教的a secular society 世俗社会;secular education 世俗教育;例句:The constitution establishes a secular state. 宪法确立了世俗国家。宗教世俗簇;与 sacred 相对;secularism(世俗主义)在宗教与社会话题成对出现
divine/dɪˈvaɪn/adj. 神的;神圣的 v. 猜测divine right 君权神授;divine a motive 猜测动机;例句:Kings once claimed divine authority. 国王曾宣称拥有神授权威。宗教世俗簇;词源"属于神的";动词"凭直觉猜测"是僻义
worship/ˈwɜːrʃɪp/n./v. 崇拜;礼拜ancestor worship 祭祖;worship celebrities 崇拜名人;例句:The culture seems to worship innovation. 这种文化似乎崇拜创新。宗教世俗簇;worth(价值)+ ship = 赋予价值;"worship...盲目崇拜"常带贬义
doctrine/ˈdɑːktrɪn/n. 教义;学说religious doctrines 宗教教义;the doctrine of predestination 预定论;例句:The court overturned a decades-old doctrine. 法庭推翻了沿用数十年的学说。宗教世俗簇;doct(教 doctor)+ rine = 教导出的道理;法律语境"判例原则"义高频
meditation/ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn/n. 冥想;沉思practice meditation 练习冥想;meditation on mortality 对死亡的沉思;例句:Meditation reshaped her outlook on stress. 冥想改变了她对待压力的态度。宗教世俗簇;med(measure 考量)= 反复掂量;与 mindfulness(正念,Unit08)相邻概念
spiritual/ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl/adj. 精神的;心灵的spiritual needs 精神需求;spiritual values 精神价值;例句:Growth is not merely material but spiritual. 增长不仅是物质的,也是精神的。宗教世俗簇;spirit(气息、灵魂);与 material/mundane(世俗的)相对
cruelty/ˈkruːəlti/n. 残忍;残酷cruelty to animals 虐待动物;the cruelty of the experiment 实验的残酷性;例句:The practice amounts to cruelty, critics argue. 批评者称该做法近乎残忍。情感反应簇;cruel(残忍的)的名词;动物伦理类文章高频
mercy/ˈmɜːrsi/n. 仁慈;宽恕show mercy to... 对……手下留情;at the mercy of... 任由……摆布;例句:Farmers are at the mercy of the weather. 农民只能任凭天气摆布。情感反应簇;形容词 merciful;"at the mercy of"是阅读高频短语(含被动义)
revenge/rɪˈvendʒ/n./v. 报复take revenge on... 向……复仇;revenge an insult 雪耻;例句:The hacking was revenge for the layoffs. 这次黑客攻击是对裁员的报复。情感反应簇;avenge(为……复仇)为近义词;"in revenge for"表动机

本单元自测(10 题,模拟题)

一、搭配与释义

  1. 写出 "be accountable for" 与 "hold sb accountable" 的区别,各造一句。
  2. at the mercy of 是什么意思?造一个体现其被动含义的句子。

二、选词填空(从本单元选合适的词,注意形式变化)

  1. The editor ___ to strict fact-checking standards despite deadline pressure.(遵守)
  2. Data that is ___ can silently distort research conclusions.(被篡改的)
  3. The biotech startup faces an ___ dilemma over gene editing.(伦理的)

三、介词填空

  1. The committee deviated ___ its usual practice in this case.
  2. He holds a grudge ___ his former business partner.

四、汉译英

  1. 这份报告对失败之处相当坦率。
  2. 官员必须对公众负责。(accountable)
  3. 隐私被该文作者视为不容侵犯的权利。
答案与简析
  1. be accountable for = 对某事负责任(描述担责状态);hold sb accountable = 追究某人责任(动作,施加于他人)。Officials are accountable for public funds / Voters should hold officials accountable.【搭配;中;一个表状态一个表动作,均高频】
  2. 任由……摆布、完全受制于。Small firms are at the mercy of exchange rates.【短语;中;mercy"仁慈"义的反向引申,注意无冠词 the mercy 前有 the】
  3. adhered。adhere to 遵守,主语单数 + 过去式。【搭配;中;adhere 与 comply(Unit06)近义,搭配同为 to/with】
  4. corrupted。corrupt 的过去分词作形容词,"被篡改/污染的"。【词形;中;科技类文章中 corrupt data 僻义高频】
  5. ethical。ethical dilemma 伦理困境。【词义;易;ethical 修饰困境/问题/标准均高频】
  6. from。deviate from 固定搭配。【介词;易;"偏离"类动词常接 from(depart from 同理)】
  7. against。hold a grudge against sb 固定搭配。【介词;易;grudge 的两个高频搭配 hold/bear + against】
  8. The report is remarkably candid about its failures.【汉译英;中;candid about 搭配;remarkably 修饰 candid】
  9. Officials must be accountable to the public.【汉译英;中;accountable to sb 对某人负责(对人用 to,对事用 for)】
  10. Privacy is treated by the author as a sacred right.【汉译英;中;sacred 不容侵犯的;treat...as 被动】

错题请按测验规范记入错题本(错因标签"词义/搭配")。