Unit01 学术研究与论证

  • 所属:高频核心词 · 词汇库导览
  • 话题:学术研究与论证——考研阅读中社科研究类文章(心理学、社会学、医学实验、学术评论)的骨架词。这类文章的主线永远是"提出假设 → 举证 → 质疑 → 修正结论",本单元词就是这条主线的词汇化
  • 学法:先通读词表划掉已熟词;重点记"搭配与例句"列;学完做文末自测,按 导览 的 1/2/4/7/15 天周期复习
  • 音标为美式 IPA;例句均为本站自编

词表(50 词)

单词音标词性与核心释义搭配与例句记忆点
hypothesis/haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/n. 假设;假说(复数 hypotheses)test/confirm a hypothesis 检验假设;例句:The results confirmed our initial hypothesis. 结果证实了我们的初始假设。hypo(下)+ thesis(论点)= 论点之下的待证前提;对比 thesis 论文、theory 理论
empirical/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/adj. 经验的;实证的empirical evidence/data 实证数据;empirical research 实证研究;例句:The claim lacks empirical support. 该说法缺乏实证支持。与 theoretical(理论的)对立成对记;科学类文章最高频形容词之一
paradox/ˈpærədɑːks/n. 悖论;矛盾的事a curious apparent paradox 一个看似矛盾的怪现象;例句:There is a paradox at the heart of the debate. 辩论核心存在一个悖论。para(并排、相反)+ dox(观点)= 观点相悖
refute/rɪˈfjuːt/v. 驳斥;反驳refute an argument 驳斥论点;例句:Later studies refuted the earlier findings. 后来的研究驳斥了早期结论。re(回)+ fute(打)= 打回去;比 disagree 更强的学术否定
undermine/ˌʌndərˈmaɪn/v. 逐渐削弱;暗中破坏(信心、权威、论证)undermine confidence/authority 削弱信心/权威;例句:The scandal undermined public trust in science. 丑闻削弱了公众对科学的信任。under(在下)+ mine(挖矿)= 从底下挖空;mine 动词"挖"是僻义
premise/ˈpremɪs/n. 前提;v. 以……为前提a false premise 错误前提;on the premise that... 在……的前提下;例句:The conclusion rests on a faulty premise. 结论建立在错误前提上。pre(前)+ mise(送、放)= 预先放好的东西;对比 promise
assumption/əˈsʌmpʃn/n. 假定;假设a flawed assumption 有缺陷的假定;例句:The model is built on several questionable assumptions. 该模型建立在多个可疑假设之上。assume 家族;注意 assume 僻义"承担"(assume responsibility)见策略章
rigorous/ˈrɪɡərəs/adj. 严格的;严谨的(方法、检验)rigorous testing 严格检验;a rigorous analysis 严谨的分析;例句:The study lacks rigorous controls. 该研究缺乏严格的对照。rigor(严格)+ ous;考研语境多指方法严谨,不是"苛刻"
valid/ˈvælɪd/adj. 有效的;有根据的a valid conclusion 有根据的结论;valid criticism 中肯的批评;例句:Her concern is perfectly valid. 她的担忧完全有根据。反义 invalid;名词 validity 效度;对比 sound(健全的)见策略章
verify/ˈverɪfaɪ/v. 核实;证实verify the results 核实结果;independently verified 经独立核实;例句:The data have been verified by two labs. 数据已由两家实验室核实。ver(真实)+ ify = 使成真;同根 verifiable、verification
scrutiny/ˈskruːtəni/n. 仔细审查;监督under scrutiny 受到审查;close/careful scrutiny 仔细审查;例句:The claims did not survive close scrutiny. 这些说法经不起仔细审查。动词 scrutinize 仔细检查;scrutiny 与 examination 义近
implicit/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/adj. 含蓄的;暗含的an implicit assumption 隐含假设;implicit criticism 含蓄的批评;例句:There was an implicit threat in his words. 他的话里暗含威胁。与 explicit(明确的)成对记;im(内)vs ex(外)
explicit/ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/adj. 明确的;直白的explicit evidence 明确证据;例句:The report makes explicit recommendations. 报告给出了明确建议。ex(向外)+ plicit(折叠)= 摊开来讲;与 implicit 反义
inference/ˈɪnfərəns/n. 推断;推论draw an inference from... 从……得出推论;例句:The conclusion is an inference, not an observation. 该结论是推断而非观察。infer(推断)+ ence;阅读推理题本质就是考 inference
deduce/dɪˈduːs/v. 推导;演绎deduce...from... 从……推导出;例句:We can deduce the cause from the effect. 我们可以从结果推导原因。de(向下)+ duce(引导)= 顺引而下;对比 induce 归纳/诱发
derive/dɪˈraɪv/v. 源自;从……获得derive...from... 从……获得/推导;例句:The word derives from Latin. 该词源自拉丁语。de(离开)+ rive(河)= 从河里引水;最常见搭配 derive A from B
analogy/əˈnælədʒi/n. 类比;类推by analogy 用类推法;draw an analogy between A and B 在 A 与 B 间作类比;例句:The brain-computer analogy is misleading. 大脑与计算机的类比有误导性。ana(并列)+ logy(说)= 并排来讲;形容词 analogous
criterion/kraɪˈtɪriən/n. 标准;准则(复数 criteria)meet the criteria 达到标准;the criteria for judging... 判断……的标准;例句:Cost is not the only criterion. 成本不是唯一标准。希腊词根 krites(判断者);单复数不规则,写作用复数 criteria
phenomenon/fəˈnɑːmɪnən/n. 现象(复数 phenomena)a common/widespread phenomenon 常见/普遍现象;例句:Sleep loss is a widespread phenomenon among students. 睡眠不足是学生中的普遍现象。pheno(显现)+ menon = 显现出来的东西;复数 phenomena 高频
theoretical/ˌθiːəˈretɪkl/adj. 理论的;纯理论的a theoretical framework 理论框架;purely theoretical 纯理论的;例句:The benefit remains largely theoretical. 该益处仍停留在理论层面。与 empirical 成对;"纯理论的"常暗含"未经验证"的贬义
framework/ˈfreɪmwɜːrk/n. 框架;体系a theoretical/legal framework 理论/法律框架;within the framework of... 在……框架内;例句:The paper offers a new framework for understanding poverty. 论文提供了一个理解贫困的新框架。frame(框)+ work(结构);与 structure、system 义近
methodology/ˌmeθəˈdɑːlədʒi/n. 方法论;研究方法flawed methodology 有缺陷的方法;例句:Critics questioned the methodology of the survey. 批评者质疑该调查的方法。method + ology(学科);比 method 更强调整套研究设计
consensus/kənˈsensəs/n. 共识;一致意见reach a consensus 达成共识;a broad consensus 广泛共识;例句:There is a growing consensus among economists. 经济学家中共识日益增强。con(共同)+ sens(感觉)= 感觉一致;反义分歧见 Unit02 各态度词
controversy/ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/n. 争论;争议a heated controversy 激烈争论;the controversy over/about... 关于……的争议;例句:The findings sparked considerable controversy. 这些发现引发了相当大的争议。contro(相反)+ vers(转)= 观点对转;形容词 controversial 高频
dubious/ˈduːbiəs/adj. 可疑的;靠不住的dubious claims 可疑的说法;of dubious value 价值可疑的;例句:The study rests on dubious assumptions. 该研究基于可疑的假设。dub(二)+ ious = 摇摆于两可之间;近义 questionable
credible/ˈkredəbl/adj. 可信的;可靠的a credible explanation 可信的解释;例句:The witness gave a credible account. 证人给出了可信的陈述。cred(相信)+ ible;名词 credibility 可信度;反义 incredible
ambiguous/æmˈbɪɡjuəs/adj. 模棱两可的;含糊不清的an ambiguous statement 含糊的声明;例句:The wording is deliberately ambiguous. 措辞故意含糊。ambi(双)+ gu = 有两种解读;名词 ambiguity;对比 vague(模糊)
coherent/koʊˈhɪrənt/adj. 连贯的;条理清晰的a coherent argument 连贯的论证;例句:She presented a coherent case for reform. 她为改革提出了条理清晰的论证。co(共同)+ her(粘连)= 粘在一起;反义 incoherent
proposition/ˌprɑːpəˈzɪʃn/n. 主张;论点;命题a dubious proposition 可疑的论点;例句:The basic proposition is hard to dispute. 这一基本主张难以驳倒。pro(向前)+ pos(放)= 摆到面前的观点;动词 propose
assert/əˈsɜːrt/v. 断言;坚称assert that... 断言……;例句:The authors assert, without evidence, that the trend will continue. 作者未经证据便断言该趋势将持续。as(去)+ sert(加入)= 强行加入观点;名词 assertion;语气强于 state
contend/kənˈtend/v. 主张;认为;竞争contend that... 主张……;contend with difficulties 应对困难;例句:Critics contend that the policy does more harm than good. 批评者认为该政策弊大于利。con(共同)+ tend(伸展)= 互相角力;考研义"主张"是熟词僻义
demonstrate/ˈdemənstreɪt/v. 证明;表明;演示demonstrate that... 表明……;例句:The experiment demonstrated the link between diet and health. 实验证明了饮食与健康的关联。de(完全)+ monstr(显示);比 show 更正式;名词 demonstration
exemplify/ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ/v. 例证;是……的典型exemplify a trend 是某趋势的典型;例句:This case exemplifies a broader problem. 此案例证了一个更广泛的问题。example 的动词化;名词 exemplar 典范
illustrate/ˈɪləstreɪt/v. 说明;例证;给……插图illustrate a point 说明观点;as illustrated above 如上所述;例句:Two examples illustrate the risk. 两个例子说明了这一风险。il + lustr(光)= 照亮使其明晰;名词 illustration
elaborate/ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ v.; /ɪˈlæbərət/ adj.v. 详细阐述;adj. 精心复杂的elaborate on... 详细说明;例句:The author elaborates on this point in Chapter 3. 作者在第 3 章详细阐述了这一点。e + labor(劳动)= 下功夫做;重音区分动词与形容词
formulate/ˈfɔːrmjuleɪt/v. 制定;系统阐述formulate a policy/hypothesis 制定政策/提出假设;例句:The team formulated a new set of criteria. 团队制定了一套新标准。formula(公式)+ ate = 变成公式般明确;名词 formulation
notion/ˈnoʊʃn/n. 观念;概念the notion that... ……的观念;a vague notion 模糊的概念;例句:The notion of fairness varies across cultures. 公平的观念因文化而异。not(知道)+ ion = 知道的东西;近义 concept、idea
intuition/ˌɪntuˈɪʃn/n. 直觉by intuition 凭直觉;例句:Intuition often misleads us in statistical judgments. 在统计判断中直觉常误导我们。in + tuit(看)= 向内看;形容词 intuitive 直观的
cognitive/ˈkɑːɡnətɪv/adj. 认知的cognitive ability 认知能力;cognitive bias 认知偏差;例句:Aging affects cognitive performance. 衰老影响认知表现。cogn(认识)+ itive;心理学文章必现词
perception/pərˈsepʃn/n. 感知;看法public perception 公众看法;perception of risk 风险感知;例句:The drug alters visual perception. 该药物改变视觉感知。per(透过)+ cept(拿)= 透过感官获取;动词 perceive
qualitative/ˈkwɑːlɪtətɪv/adj. 定性的;质量上的qualitative research 定性研究;例句:The team conducted qualitative interviews. 团队进行了定性访谈。与 quantitative(定量的)成对记;quality vs quantity 词根
quantitative/ˈkwɑːntɪtətɪv/adj. 定量的;数量的quantitative analysis 定量分析;例句:The evidence is purely quantitative. 证据纯粹是定量的。quantity(量)家族;经济学文章同样高频(见 Unit03)
correlation/ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn/n. 相关性;关联a strong correlation between A and B A 与 B 的强相关;例句:Correlation does not imply causation. 相关不意味着因果。co + relate;"相关不等于因果"是论证类文章金句
causal/ˈkɔːzl/adj. 因果的a causal link/relationship 因果联系;例句:No causal relationship has been established. 尚未确立因果关系。cause + al;常与 link、effect 搭配;与 correlation 对举
variable/ˈveriəbl/n. 变量;adj. 多变的control for variables 控制变量;例句:The study controlled for confounding variables. 该研究控制了混杂变量。vary(变化)家族;工程师可从编程语境迁移,但注意统计含义
tentative/ˈtentətɪv/adj. 初步的;暂定的a tentative conclusion 初步结论;例句:These are tentative findings that need replication. 这些是需重复验证的初步发现。tent(尝试 tentare)+ ative = 试探性的;与 final 对举
preliminary/prɪˈlɪmɪneri/adj. 初步的;预备的preliminary results 初步结果;例句:Preliminary data suggest a small effect. 初步数据显示效应很小。pre(前)+ limin(门槛)= 进门之前的;近义 tentative
speculate/ˈspekjuleɪt/v. 推测;投机speculate about/on... 推测……;例句:It is too early to speculate about the cause. 现在推测原因为时过早。spec(看)+ ulate = 看着猜;僻义"投机"见 Unit03 语境
replicate/ˈreplɪkeɪt/v. 复制;重复(实验)replicate a study 重复某研究;例句:Other teams failed to replicate the findings. 其他团队未能重复出这些结果。re + plic(折叠)= 再折一份;可重复性 replication 是科学方法论高频词
substantial/səbˈstænʃl/adj. 大量的;可观的a substantial increase 大幅增长;substantial evidence 大量证据;例句:There is substantial evidence to the contrary. 有大量相反的证据。substant(实体 substance)+ ial = 成实体的、可观量的;比 large 更学术

本单元自测(10 题,模拟题)

做法:先做后对;中译英先在脑中组句再核对搭配;选择题先说线索再选。错题登记进 00-错题本,错因标签用"词义/搭配"。

第 1 题(中译英):这一发现与我们的初始假设相矛盾。(用 hypothesis)

第 2 题(中译英):该报告的结论建立在错误的前提之上。(用 premise)

第 3 题(中译英):后来的研究驳斥了这些早期的说法。(用 refute)

第 4 题(中译英):该政策逐渐削弱了公众对政府的信任。(用 undermine)

第 5 题(义辨):The word "data" ______ Latin, where it means "things given."

A. derives from B. deduces from C. infers from D. exemplifies

第 6 题(义辨):The professor drew an ______ between the human brain and a computer.

A. inference B. analogy C. hypothesis D. paradox

第 7 题(义辨):题干 "The claim did not survive close ______." 中应填:

A. scrutiny B. intuition C. premise D. perception

第 8 题(义辨):The instructions were deliberately ______, allowing two different readings.

A. coherent B. explicit C. ambiguous D. tentative

第 9 题(搭配填空):The two events are strongly correlated, but no ______ link has been established.(填一个形容词)

第 10 题(搭配填空):There is a growing ______ among scientists that the trend is real.(填一个名词)

参考答案与简析
  1. The finding contradicts our initial hypothesis.(或 is inconsistent with our hypothesis)考点:hypothesis 搭配 initial/confirm/test;难度:易;错因提醒:不要写成 assumption——assumption 强调"未验证的假定",此处"待检验的假设"用 hypothesis。
  2. The report's conclusion rests on a faulty premise.(或 is based on a false premise)考点:premise 搭配 rest on;难度:中;错因提醒:premise 不可数用法与 "on the premise that" 结构。
  3. Later studies refuted these early claims. 考点:refute + argument/claim/findings;难度:易;错因提醒:refute 后直接接宾语,不接 that 从句为佳。
  4. The policy gradually undermined public trust in the government. 考点:undermine + trust/confidence/authority;难度:易;错因提醒:undermine 是"逐渐削弱",不要加 down。
  5. A。derive from 源自;deduce from 从……推导、infer from 从……推断均需以人为逻辑主语,词本身不能"源自";难度:中;错因提醒:derive 的主语可以是无生命的词或事物。
  6. B。draw an analogy between A and B 在 A 与 B 之间作类比;inference 需搭配 draw an inference from;难度:中;错因提醒:analogy between...and... 是固定搭配。
  7. A。survive close scrutiny 经得起仔细审查;难度:中;错因提醒:perception(看法)与 scrutiny(审查)形义均需区分。
  8. C。ambiguous 模棱两可的(两种解读)与题干 allowing two different readings 呼应;explicit 明确的、coherent 连贯的、tentative 初步的;难度:易;错因提醒:ambiguous ≠ vague(单纯模糊,未必有两种解读)。
  9. causal。a causal link 因果联系;难度:中;错因提醒:与 correlation(相关)对举,"相关非因果"是论证类文章金句。
  10. consensus。a growing consensus 日益增强的共识;难度:易;错因提醒:consensus 不可数与可数用法均见,常与 reach/broad 搭配。